Cop tells elantra n owner | | [H] Call To Arms, Slay The Spire, Pathfinder WotR, Hell Let Loose, SCUM, Gotham Knights, Back 4 Blood, ETS2, Obduction, State Of Decay 2 Juggernaut, Tower Unite, Man Of Medan & Little Hope, Friday 13th, Satisfactory, Mordhau, Empyrion, Kartkraft & 100's more [W] Wishlist, Paypal (EU)

I'm from EU,so GAMES SHOULD work pretty much anywhere
NOT BUYING GAMES,ONLY TRADES - games for games or selling for paypal
No interest in TF2 keys
BUYER covers the FEES (if outside EU,EU F&F only)
My Steam account so you don't offer me something I own
My Wishlist
My SGSRep
My IGSRep

Only looking for Steam games - so don't offer origin,uplay,rockstar,bnet or ANY other launcher
100% of my games keys are bought by me from official stores & I expect the same in return,so don't offer me keyshop games or game keys you got in a trade as I will decline
I retain the right to ask for proof of ownership for ANY game I want - just like you have the right to ask me the same
Don't offer me VR games as I don't own a VR headset

List of games I have:
Also have the Earthquake Relief bundle,but reddit wont let me write all the games cause my topic would be too big - just ask
7 Billion Humans
8Doors Arum's Afterlife Adventure
10 Second Ninja X
60 Seconds!
112 Operator
140
198X
911 Operator
A Case Of Distrust
A Year Of Rain
Absolver
Aeolis Tournament
Age Of Wonders III
Ageless
Airport CEO
AI War 2
Alien Spidy
Aliens Vs Predator Collection
All You Can Eat
Almost There The Platformer
American Fugitive
Amnesia A Machine For Pigs + The Dark Descent (1 key for both games)
Amnesia Fortnight 2012
Amnesia Fortnight 2014
Amnesia Fortnight 2017
Amnesia Rebirth (X2)
Among Us (X2)
Ancestors The Humankind Odyssey (EU & Africa lock)
Aragami (X2)
Archamon
Armello
Army Men RTS
Attack Of The Earthlings
Automobilista
Aven Colony
Avernum 3 Ruined World
Azkend 2 The World Beneath
Back 4 Blood (EU region lock)
Backbone
Band Of Defenders
Banished
Baseball Riot
Batora Lost Haven NEW
Battlestar Galactica Deadlock
Beholder 2
Bendy And The Dark Revival
Bendy And The Ink Machine
Betrayer (delisted)
Between The Stars (X2)
Beyond Eyes
Beyond The Wire
Biomutant NEW
Bionic Commando
Bird Of Light
Black Paradox
Blade Assault
Blasphemous
Bohemian Killing
Book Of Demons
Bomber Crew Deluxe
Borderlands 3 + Director's Cut (EMEA region lock)
Boreal Blade
Broken Age (X2)
Brothers A Tale Of Two Sons (X2)
Butcher
Call Of Juarez
Call Of The Sea (X2)
Call To Arms Basic Edition
Call To Arms Gates Of Hell Ostfront
Car Mechanic Simulator 2018
Chenso Club
Chernobylite Enhanced Edition (X2)
Cities In Motion 2
CivCity Rome
Clone Drone In The Danger Zone
Clouds & Sheep 2
Coffin Dodgers
Cook Serve Delicious 3
Command & Conquer Remastered Collection (Origin key)
Company Of Heroes Complete Edition
Control Ultimate Edition NEW
Corridor Z
Cosmic Osmo And The World Beyond The Mackerel
Crash Drive 3
Creatures Inc
Crookz The Big Heist
Crossbow Bloodnight
Crusader Kings Complete
Crying Suns
Dagon The Eldritch Box
Danger Scavenger
Day Of Infamy
Dead Age
Dead By Daylight
Dead In Vinland
Deadly Premonition Director's Cut
Deadbeat Heroes (X2)
Dear Ester Landmark Edition
Death Squared
Deep Dungeons Of Doom
Deep Sky Derelicts
Demon Turf NEW
Deployment
Desert Child
Diaries Of A Spaceport Janitor
Dicey Dungeons (X2)
Dimension Drifter
Distraint 2 + Soundtrack
Divekick
Dog Sled Saga
Double Fine Adventures Complete Series Deluxe
Downwell
Drawful 2
Draw Slasher
Dreadlands
Dread Templar
Dread X Collection
Dreamscaper NEW
Driftland The Magic Revival
Dry Downing
Duke Nukem Forever Collection
Dungeon Marathon
Dungeon Of The Endless
Dungeons 2
Dungeons 2 Complete
Dungeons 3
Dusk
Dwarfs!?
Eador Imperium
EarthX
Eastside Hockey Manager
ECHO
Edge Of Eternity NEW
Effie
Elderborn
Eldest Souls
Elden Path Of The Forgotten
Embr
Emily Is Away
Empyrion Galactic Survival
Epic Manager
E.T. Armies Deluxe Edition
Etherborn (X2)
Euro Truck Simulator 2
Europa Universalis IV
Evergarden
Expeditions Viking
F1 2018 (delisted)
Family Man
Fantasy Blacksmith
Fantasy Versus
Farmer's Dynasty
Farming Simulator 17
FIA European Truck Racing
Figment (X2)
Finding Paradise
Fire Ungh's Quest
First Class Trouble
Five Dates
Fling To The Finish
Fluffy Horde
Fobia St. Dinfna Hotel
Forgive Me Father
Framed Collection (X2)
Friday the 13th: The Game (X2)
Frog Detective 1 The Haunted Island (X2)
Full Throttle Remastered
Fun With Ragdolls The Game
Fury Unleashed (X2)
Gang Beasts
Garage Bad Trip (X2)
Gas Guzzlers Extreme
Gas Station Simulator
Gauge
Genesis Noir
Ghostrunner
Giana Sisters Twisted Dreams + Rise Of The Owlverlord
GNOG
Go Home Dinosaurs!
Goat Of Duty
Goetia (X2)
Going Under (X2)
Golden Light
Golf Gang
GoNNER
Gotham Knights
Grand Ages Medieval
Grand Pigeon's Duty
Greak Memories Of Azur
Gremlins Inc.
Grip Combat Racing + Cygon + Nyvoss + Terra + Vintek DLC (X2)
Guts And Glory (X2)
Hack'n'Slash
Haiku The Robot (X2)
Hamilton's Great Adventure
Hammerfight
Headlander
Heal
Hedon Bloodrite
Hell Let Loose
Hellblade Senua's Sacrifice NEW
Hello Neighbor
Hellbound
Hero Defense
Hero's Hour NEW (EU region lock)
Hexologic
Hidden & Dangerous Action Pack
Hidden & Dangerous 2 Courage Under Fire
Hive Jump (X2)
Hiveswap Act 2
Hiveswap Friend Sim
Hiveswap Friend Sim Complete
Homeworld Deserts Of Kharak
Hotshot Racing
Hot Tin Roof The Cat That Wore A Fedora
Hot Wheels Unleashed
Hover (X2)
Human Resource Machine
Hurtworld
I Am Bread
I Am Not A Monster First Contact
Ice Lakes
If Found...
Ikenfell
Impact Winter (delisted)
In Between
Industria
Inexistence Rebirth NEW
Infinite Air With Mark McMorris (delisted)
Influent NEW
Inmost
Internet Cafe Simulator
Interplanetary Enhanced Edition
Intruder
Ion Fury
Iron Danger
Iron Harvest
Jack Axe
Jalopy
Jet Set Knights
Juanito Arcade Mayhem
Jump Stars
Jurassic World Evolution
Jurassic World Evolution 2 NEW
Just Die Already
KartKraft
Kathy Rain Directors Cut
Keep Talking And Nobody Explodes (X2)
Kill To Collect
Kingdom Classic (X2)
Kingdom New Lands
Kingdoms Of Amalur Re-Reckoning Fate Edition
King Oddball
Labyrinthine NEW
Last Oasis
Last Tide
Lawn Mowing Simulator
Lead And Gold Gangs Of Wild West (X2)
Legacy Of Dorn Herald Of Oblivion (delisted)
Legend Of Keepers Career Of A Dungeon Master
LEGO Movie Videogame
Leisure Suit Larry Retro Bundle (1 to 7)
Lethal League Blaze
Liberated (GOG key)
Lifeless Planet Premium Edition
Light Fall
Little Big Workshop
Love Is Dead
Lust For Darkness
Lust From Beyond M Edition
Magicka
Magrunner Dark Pulse
Maid Of Sker
Main Assembly (X2)
Mainlining
Mars Horizon
Masquerade The Baubles Of Doom
Max Payne 3 (Rockstar Launcher)
Midnight Protocol
Mind Scanners
Mini Metro
Miscreated (X2)
Monster Crown NEW
Monster Train Collectors Edition
Moon Hunters
Morbid The Seven Acolytes
Mordhau
Mosaic
Motorcycle Mechanic Simulator 2021
Motorsport Manager
Mount And Blade Warband
Mountain
My Lovely Daughter
Nairi Tower Of Shirin
Naruto To Boruto Shinobi Striker
Nascar Heat 5 Ultimate
Nebuchadnezzar
NecroVisioN Lost Company
NecroWorn
Neighbours Back From Hell
Neo Cab
Neon Abyss
NeuroVoider
Neverout
Niche
Nickelodeon All Star Brawl (X2)
Ninjin Clash Of Carrots
No Time To Relax
Not Tonight
Numba Deluxe
Obduction
Observation
Octahedron
Odyssey The Story Of Science
Of Orcs And Men
Old School Musical
OlliOlli World Rad Edition
On Rusty Trails
One Finger Death Punch 2
Onikira Demon Killer
Orbital Racer
Orcs Must Die 2 Complete
Original War
Orwell Ignorance Is Strength
Out Of Reach Treasure Royal
Overlord II
Overpass
Override Mech City Brawl
Oxenfree
Pacer
Paint The Town Red
Paper Fire Rookie
Paradise Lost
Pathfinder Wrath Of The Righteous
Pathologic 2
Path Of Giants
Paw Paw Paw
Payday 2 + Big Mike mask
Peaky Blinders Mastermind (delisted)
Penarium
People Playground (X2)
Perfect Heist 2
PGA Tour 2K21 (X2)
Phoenix Point Year One Edition
Pikuniku
Pine
Pinstripe (X2)
Pixplode
Plane Mechanic Simulator
Playne The Meditation Game
Poöf
Popup Dungeon
Post Void
Pound Of Ground (X2)
PowerSlave Exhumed
Prehistoric Kingdom
Primal Carnage Extinction (X2)
Project Cars GOTY (delisted)
Project Hospital
Project Warlock
Propnight NEW
Pumped BMX+
Punch Club
Purrfect Date
Quest Of Dungeons
RAD (X2)
Radio Commander
Rad Rodgers Radical Edition
Railroad Tycoon 2
Railroad Tycoon 3
Railway Empire
Raji An Ancient Epic
Rebel Cops
Rec Center Tycoon
Red Faction Armageddon
Red Solstice 2 Survivors
Redeemer Enhanced Edition
Redout Enhanced Edition
Re-Legion
Relicta
Remothered Broken Porcelain
Resident Evil 4
Resident Evil 5 Gold Edition
Resident Evil 6
Resident Evil Revelations (X2)
Resident Evil Revelation 2 Deluxe Edition
Retimed
Retrowave
Reventure
Ring Of Pain
Rings Of Saturn
Riot Civil Unrest
Rise Of Industry
Rise Of Insanity
Riven The Sequel To MYST
Roarr! The Adventures Of Rampage Rex
Roboquest
Rogue Heroes Ruins Of Tasos
Rogue Lords NEW
Rogue Stormers
Rover Mechanic Simulator
RPG Maker VX
Rustler
Sable NEW
Salt And Sanctuary
Satellite Reign
Satisfactory
Saturday Morning RPG
Say No! More
SCP 5K NEW
SCUM (X2)
ScourgeBringer
Serious Sam 2
Serious Sam BFE (X2)
Serious Sam Classics Revolution
Serious Sam Double D XXL
Serious Sam HD The First & Second Encounter (1 key for both)
Serious Sam HD The Second Encounter Legend Of The Beast
Serious Sam HD The Second Encounter Serious 8
Serious Sam Kamikaze Attack
Serious Sam The Random Encounter
Serious Sam Bogus Detour
Shadow Tactics Aiko's Choice
Shady Part Of Me
She Remembered Caterpillars
She Will Punish Them
Shing!
Shock Troopers
Shogun's Empire Hex Commander NEW
Shuyan Saga
Sid Meier's Civilization VI
Sid Meier's Railroads
Simulacra Collection
Skullgirls 2nd Encore
Skully
Slay The Spire
Slime Rancher
Slinger VR
Smoke And Sacrifice (X2)
Sniper Elite V2 Remastered
Sniper Elite 4 Deluxe + Season Pass
SOMA
Song Of Iron
Soulblight
Spacebase DF-9
Space Hulk Ascension (delisted)
Sparkle 2
Sparkle Unleashed
Spellcaster University
Spelunx And The Caves Of Mr. Seudo
Stacking
Starsand (X2)
Star Wars Jedi Knight Jedi Academy
Star Wars Knights Of The Old Republic
Stasis
State Of Decay 2 Juggernaut Edition (X2)
State Of Mind
Steel Rats
Stick Fight The Game (X3)
Stories Untold
Streets Of Fury EX
Strider
Struggling
Stubbs The Zombie
Styx Shards Of Darkness
Submerged Hidden Depths
Suchart Genius Artist Simulator
Super Indie Carts
Super Magbot
Supraland
SurrounDead (X2)
Surviving The Aftermath
Suzerain
Swag And Sorcery
Sword Legacy Omen
Swords And Soldiers 2 Shawarmageddon
Swords And Souls Neverseen (X2)
Syberia II
Syberia 3 Deluxe Edition
Syberia The World Before NEW
Syndrome
System Shock Enhanced Edition
Table Manners The Physics-Based Dating Game
Tabletop Playground
Tacoma
Take On Helicopters
Tales From Candlekeep Tomb Of Annihilation (delisted)
Tales Of Monkey Island Complete
Talisman Digital Edition + City,Frostmarch,Sacred Pool (trading only as a bundle)
Talisman Origins
Tank Mechanic Simulator
Tannenberg
Telefrag VR
Teleglitch Die More Edition
Tennis In The Face
Tennis World Tour (X2)
Tesla Vs Lovecraft
Tharsis (X2)
The Amazing American Circus
The Ambassador Fractured Timelines
The Adventure Pals
The Battle Of Polytopia
The Battle Of Polytopia Moonrise Deluxe
The Blackout Club NEW
The Count Lucador
The Dark Pictures Anthology Little Hope
The Dark Pictures Anthology Man Of Medan
The Free Ones (delisted)
The Golf Club 2019 featuring PGA Tour
theHunter Call Of The Wild (X3)
The Journey Down Chapter Three
The King Of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match
The Last Blade
The Long Dark Survival Edition (X2)
The Manhole Masterpiece Edition
The Mims Beginning
The Mortuary Assistant NEW
The Night Of The Rabbit
The Serpent Rogue
The Signifier Director's Cut
The Textorcist The Story of Ray Bibbia (X2)
The Uncertain Last Quiet Day (X2)
The USB Stick Found In The Grass
The Walking Dead Season 1 + 400 Days
The Wild Eight (X2)
Them And Us NEW
There Is No Game Wrong Dimension
They Bleed Pixels
Think Of The Children
This War Of Mine
Thronebreaker The Witcher Tales
THOTH
Through The Darkest Of Times
Timeshift
Time Recoil
Titan Quest Anniversary
Toejam & Earl Back In The Groove
TOEM
Tohu
Tools Up
Tooth And Tail (X2)
Torchlight (X2)
Total Tank Simulator
Toto Temple Deluxe
Tower Of Time (X2)
Tower Unite
Townscaper (X2)
Townsmen A Kingdom Rebuilt
Toybox Turbos
Tracks The Train Set Game
Train Station Renovation
Treasure Hunter Simulator (X2)
Tribes Of Midgard
Tropico 4
True Fear Forsaken Souls Part 1
Tyranny Deluxe Edition
Ultra Street Fighter IV
Unexplored
Unloved
Unmetal
Unshaded NEW
Vambrace Cold Soul
Vane
Velocibox
Verdun (X2)
Vikings Wolves Of Midgard
Visage NEW
Volcanoids (X2)
V Rally 4
Wanderlust Travel Stories (GOG key)
Wandersong
Warhammer End Times Vermintide
Warlock Master Of The Arcane
Warpips
Warsaw
Wasteland 2 Director's Cut
We Are The Dwarves
We Should Talk
West Of Dead
Western Press
We Were Here Together
When Ski Lifts Go Wrong
Where The Water Tastes Like Wine
While True: Learn() Chief Technology Officer Edition
White Day: A Labyrinth Named School
Wooden Sen'SeY
Worms Rumble + Legends DLC
Wrath Aeon Of Ruin
XCOM Complete Pack
XCOM Ultimate Collection
Xenoraid The First Space War
X Morph Defense + European Assault + Last Bastion + Survival Of The Fittest (1 key for all)
XIII Classic
Xuan-Yuan Sword The Gate Of Firmament
Yet Another Zombie Defense HD
Ylands Exploration Pack
Yoku's Island Express
Yooka-Laylee And The Impossible Lair
Zack 2 Celestine's Map
ZIC Zombies In City NEW
Zombie Kill Of The Week Reborn

DONT TRY TO SEND A PM BEFORE YOU POST IN THIS TOPIC - WILL NOT DEAL WITH YOU!

Our hotel has been operating under extremely diminished availability due to top-to-bottom renovations going on. Therefore I have maybe 8 rooms to sell, the rest are blocked off for construction and occupied by the crew doing the work. For almost 2 weeks we've only had around 5 check ins a day. I've been enjoying just babysitting the building on my shifts and haven't encountered the same problems I'm used to. But this also opens the door to problems I'm not used to and may never see again.
It's around 10pm and I'm finishing my checklist. When I rolled the mop bucket into position I noticed someone was parked outside, facing the opposite direction of traffic in the carport. Normally this wouldn't be so unsettling but I was currently aware of a few things: we had no arrivals left, they would have had to drive past literal miles of empty parking lot to get here, and the vehicle is a comedically on-the-nose representation of a "creeper van." I stood inside the doorway, outside their field of vision, formulating my next steps.
I waited for them to come in and announce themselves like a normal person but in they did not come. Close to ten minutes passed before I decided it was time for a power move. I slid my coat on and walked outside to "hit my vape," positioning myself directly parallel to the drivers window. My goal was to let them know I was aware of their presence and I dont trust them. In reality I was motionless, dead staring at the silhouettes in the front seats, likely not displaying the intimidating attentiveness I was aiming for.
From what I saw, there were two people in the van. One appeared to be a man, he sat in the driver's seat facing forward out the windshield. The passenger looked like a woman, she was in her seat turned toward the driver. There's no doubt in my mind she could see me. They were talking about something, their body language signaled a possible disagreement or stress over the topic of discussion. It didn't seem like their exchange was escalating, which was comforting. Once I thought I they got the message I went back inside.
I returned to my original vantage point just inside the automatic doors, watching them where they couldn't see. I tossed around the idea of calling the cops but our part time night auditor called so many times for no reason I think they started putting our calls on the lowest priority (she's a whole story, currently a WIP). If cops showed up and they were already gone I was surely in for condescending curtness and an insincere salutation, followed by a return to being alone. Instead I thought it might be better to call our sister property next door, just to let someone know I'm facing an uncertain situation. The idea of going back outside, approaching the vehicle, and telling them to go elsewhere crossed my mind. This, however, would be one of the most foolish and dangerous things to do. My final decision was to just begin mopping and allow them 10 more minutes before I called the law.
I was working on the stretch of floor just inside the entrance when I saw a female enter (and wALK ON MY FRESH FLOOR but I digress). She was skeletally thin with a face weathered from years of some kind of substance use. As she advanced into the building she greeted me with the kind of tone you use when you're about to ask a favor. She fidgeted with her hands as she asked what we were doing with all the furniture in the dumpster. I knew if I let slip it was all going to the landfill after being rained and snowed on, that would lead them to entering the enormous industrial waste container full of hazardous trash and shrapnel. Not to mention it was almost 10:30 pm so they wouldn't be able to see a thing in there, increasing the likelihood of injuries they would no doubt blame us for.
Thinking on my toes, I told her it was all going to a resale site. This implied it was worth something to us and taking anything would be legally actionable. Technically it wasn't a lie, it was the original plan until being left in the elements. She followed with asking where specifically because she really wanted some of the stuff. The only thing I was told about where they were going was some nondescript resale warehouse. I apologized and explained that I didn't know any details, smiling just the right amount.
Upon hearing my no, she turned slightly like she was about to leave. But some infernal specter took hold of her and she uttered the phrase that makes every service professional nauseous. "Can I speak to the manager?"
I gently stated there was no one available to talk to her as I was the only employee in the building. She chuckled at this and said "but there's ALWAYS someone higher up I can talk to..." Beginning to lose my patience, I shortly informed her that we don't have a manager here 24 hours. She continued to ask if I was really the only person in the building, like she thought I was making it up. I gave her an innocent smile and repeated that it was just me, as if to say "you're not gonna rattle me and get what you want, but I won't stop you from trying." This is a tactic I've learned that gets potential karens to ask themselves how rude they're willing to be to someone who's been nothing but nice. She went on to ask who I was and what my position is, with an inflection like she was trying to figure out how much to respect me. I activated my trap card and told her that since I was the only employee on site, that would make me manager on duty. The superiority I felt in this moment is unparalleled.
For a moment there was silence. Silence and smiling. This took the wind out of her sails and she walked out the automatic door. Right before it closed she shouted back at me "is it because I'm wearing PJs??" I barked no but I'm not sure if they heard me. I felt compelled to catch them before they left and give them a point by point breakdown of all the reasons I said no. Most of which being the fact that they spent the last half hour scaring the shit out of me with no consideration. But as peeved as I may have been, I was happy to see they were leaving, the best possible ending to this scenario.
I would love to know how they learned we were undergoing renovations, our hotel is off the beaten path and isn't visible from from any main roads. Guests call several times a week for directions, I even got lost on my way to the interview. If you're not looking you'd have no idea it's there. I wonder if they'd been there before, sizing the place up. Or maybe one of our employees told their friends. Where I stand at the desk we have a limited view of the outside and no cameras. For all I know they've been there before and I had no idea. I can't even begin to tell you how inconvenient that is, not to mention how unsafe. If they come back and get stuck in that dumpster, I may just conveniently not hear any cries for help. The way I see it, every minute they're in there is another reason to never do it again. Moral of the story is, if you know you drive a creeper van, try not to reinforce the stereotype.

This post was originally a reply to a question on one of my other posts here, but it really deserves its own more detailed post simply because even over 30 years later it just makes me and a lot of others go “Eeh? How did that actually happen?”
When it comes to sporting rivalries in Australia, Ford vs Holden is one of the longest. Today, it’s hard to believe with Ford no longer making cars in Australia and Holden no longer even existing but there was a time were what car Australians drove really mattered. Were you a Holden family with Monaro’s, Torana’s and Commodores or a Ford family with a Falcon in your driveway? It was one or the other. No in between. There are stories of Holden-driving fathers refusing to allow their daughters to date boys simply because their dads drove Fords. The battles were fought on every level: advertising, dealers and from the mid-1960’s on the racetrack. And that’s were our story kicks off…
It's 1967 and for the first time, an Australian-made car has won the Bathurst 500. A Ford Falcon XR driven by Harry Firth and Fred Gibson wins the race and Ford Australia are ecstatic. A phrase commonly used at the time is “Win on Sunday, sell on Monday.” Winning Bathurst was a big deal and Ford reaped the benefits with sales and foot traffic into their dealerships. Crucially it really hurt their main rivals Holden.
For 1968 Holden wanted revenge on the racetrack. They had a great car in which to get it too, the Monaro. There was however, a bit of a problem. You see Holden despite being proudly Australian was owned by General Motors and at the time, GM had a blanket ban on their manufacturers going motor racing.
Pretty much everyone within Holden wanted to go racing though, so the Holden heavies looked for a loophole that would get them on the Bathurst grid and they quickly found one. They realised that there was nothing to stop them giving some money to their dealers and telling the dealers to then give said money to an idependant race team and voila! You’ve got yourself an all-but-official factory race team that gets around the GM ban. The man at the head of this team is David McKay, Australia’s first touring car champion. He’s ready to take on Ford’s leader Harry Firth.
For the 1968 Bathurst 500, the Holden vs Ford battlelines are drawn. And Holden gets its revenge as Firth’s Ford’s flounder. Strangely though, it’s a privateer Monaro that takes the chequered flag first. McKay brings his factory-but-not-really-factory-just-in-case-Detroit-gets-wind-of-this Monaro’s home second, third and fifth. And then he made an error. He failed to protest against the winning Monaro that some alleged ran with an illegal brake system. Holden’s heavies weren’t happy at all. They were in it to win with their own cars not their customers. And then for McKay, things got worse.
After Bathurst, Holden and Ford would face off again in the 1968 London to Sydney Marathon, the most epic car race ever staged. Almost 100 teams from all over the world took part but Australia was only focused on Firth & McKay. They were evenly matched. 3 Falcons for Firth and 3 Monaro’s for McKay. And just like Bathurst, neither of them won.
But in the Ford vs Holden battle, Ford came out most definitely on top, finishing 3rd, 6th and 8th and taking the best performing team award for their troubles. McKay’s Monaro’s came home 12th, 14th and McKay’s lead car DNF’ed after rolling in the Australian outback. And that was the last straw for Holden. McKay had failed them.
Ford Australia meantime was going through a restructure. The restructure involved refreshing their racing team. And incredibly, that meant showing Harry Firth the door. Big Mistake. Huge. You’d think after his marathon efforts, Ford would be pretty chuffed, but they got rid of him. Holden pounced. Within a fortnight, Harry was a Holden man. All his mechanics and engineers went with him. This was the start of what became the Holden Dealer Team.
Despite nicking all of Ford’s mechanics and tech know-how, Firth failed to poach their drivers. That forced him to go searching for young talent. He eventually found Colin Bond a promising rally and circuit driver and then noticed a driver of a little blue Austin A30 that was giving almost every competitor a complete belting. His name? Peter Brock.
For Bathurst 1969, Firth did what McKay couldn’t: Deliver the Holden factory a Bathurst win. Bond won, Brock was third and just behind was Ford’s new lead driver. He was an ex-pat Canadian who looked like an angry maths teacher. His name? Allan Moffat. A rivalry had just started.
For 1970 & ’71, Moffat dominated the Bathurst enduro in the mighty GTHO Falcon but in 1972, Brock struck back for Holden. That win made him the golden boy of Australian motorsport. Brock wore the white hat: hippy-handsome, a great driver and a man of the people, driving the Australian car. Moffat wore the black hat: cranky, methodical, withdrawn and representing the American manufacturer.
For 1973 the ante was turned up. The Bathurst race went from imperial to metric. 500 miles became 1000 kilometres. The regulations changed from Improved Production (stock-standard production cars with minimal upgrades. Some were even road registered) to the more liberal Group C Touring Cars. Moffat cleaned up in ’73 but it wasn’t all doom and gloom for Holden when at the end of the year, Ford pulled the plug on its factory race team. From 1974 Moffat was forced to go it alone in his own team with only back-door support from Ford.
But Holden wasn’t without its troubles either. At the end of 1974, Brock had a blow-up with Firth and left the HDT. Some say Firth fired him. Others say Brock grew tired of Firth’s iron fist approach to running the team and dipped out.
In two years both the white knight and the black knight were out on their own. And yet…they excelled. Despite driving a shoestring budget Holden, Brock won Bathurst in 1975. Moffat was a constant front-runner. The back-door support from Ford helped. The Holden Dealer Team though remained THE Team. Firth still ran it efficiently and he still had Colin Bond. Like Brock though, Bond was growing tired of Firth. He was paid next to nothing for his driving and expected to be on spanner duty in the workshop. So when Allan Moffat made him an offer at the end of 1976, Colin accepted.
In 1977, to quote Moffat: “We blew the doors off Holden”. With the HDT now minus their two star drivers, Holden floundered on the track. Moffat’s Ford team was well-backed and well-organised and as a result, Moffat in Falcon #1 and Bond in Falcon #2 dominated the year. The crowning glory was their 1-2 formation finish at Bathurst. Ford got an insane amount of mileage out of it. Nearly 50 years later, it remains one of the most iconic images of Australian motorsport. At the end of the year an exasperated Holden official approached Moffat and in desperation asked: “What can we do to beat you?”
Moffat shrugged and replied “Simple. Re-employ Brock”
With Harry Firth retiring, that’s exactly what they did. For 1978, Brock was back as a driver for the HDT. Moffat’s honest reply to that Holden official came back to bite him in the clacker. With money from Ford drying up, Moffat began to flounder and Brock dominated for the next two years, culminating in the 1979 Bathurst 1000 were he won by a whopping 6 laps and broke the lap record on the final lap. What a show off.
But then right after that epic performance…Holden pulled the plug. They were done.
Brock however refused to give up. He assumed ownership of the team and over Christmas, embarked on a whistle-stop tour of the Holden dealerships offering them a deal. The deal he offered them was a tricked-up road-going Holden Commodore built by the HDT. Any Holden dealership who helped fund the race team got exclusive access to sell the road-going car. The campaign was a success. Over 100 dealerships signed up putting the ‘Dealer’ right back into the Holden Dealer Team and HDT Special Vehicles was born.
In the early 1980’s, the HDT lead by Brock was a juggernaut both on and off the racetrack. Bathurst victory after Bathurst victory and the road car business boomed. Initially, Holden were reluctant but seeing the demand, they supported the program. By 1981 the first HDT road cars were delivered to the clamouring dealers. As Brock’s number one lieutenant and teammate John Harvey put it “Demand was so high, we couldn’t make them quick enough!”
The Group C Touring Car era ended at the end of 1984 and the Holden Dealer Team looked every bit like champions. Multiple Bathurst and other race wins, a road car arm that was fast becoming a great Australian success story and the best and most popular driver in the country at the head of it.
What next?
For 1985, Australia adopted international Group A Touring Car regulations. With every touring car series all over the world running to these regulations, you could take a car all over the world and race it. Pretty cool right? Brock certainly thought so and started planning...
But before we get to the HDT takes on the world part, let’s back up a bit. At the back end of 1984, Peter Brock was absolutely knackered. On top of driving, running the race team, an unsuccessful Le Mans campaign and the road car division, he liked a drink and a smoke or ten. Heck the HDT’s main sponsor was Marlboro. There were rumours he was really, really crook.
Ultimately, Brock found a chiropractor called Eric Dowker who got him back into shape. Dowker also got him off the grog and the cigs and even got him to go vegan.
For 1985, Peter Brock rolled out ready for the Group A era. He was in much better health by now thanks to Dowker’s interesting therapy (we’ll get to that in a minute). Mobil replaced Marlboro as the main sponsor on the race cars and Brock set about plans to take on the world.
First thing he needed to do was to sell enough road going HDT cars to satisfy the Group A rules. Once he had done that, the race Holden could be based off the HDT road car with all the tricked-up bits on it. By the end of 1985, he had done just that.
1986 was going to be a big year for the HDT. Their new car was ready to take on not just Australia but also Europe. Brock was looking ahead to 1987 and the World Touring Car Championship that going to take place. As well as his regular Australian campaign he was going to take the HDT to Europe for a partial campaign in the European series as ‘dress rehearsal’ for the WTCC a year later.
And then Brock did something unthinkable. He invited Allan Moffat to morning tea at his workshop. At the time, Moffat was unemployed. After his Ford support dried up, he became a Mazda man which didn’t make him more popular. In fact it made him less popular. Signs that read ‘no Jap-Crap’ were prominent around Australian racetracks in the early 80’s. He had delivered them a reasonable amount of success but when the Group A era started, Mazda didn’t have a car that would fit the regulations. Moffat was out of a job when the phone rang with Brock’s morning tea invite.
According to Moffat “Morning tea turned into long lunch, long lunch became afternoon tea and I drove home in a HDT Commodore, my new company car.”
All of Australian motorsport chocked on their breakfast when they read the headline ‘Moffat joins HDT’. Superman had just hired Lex Luther. “What the actual f**k?” said literally everyone.
With everyone still in shock, Brock & Moffat started off 1986 with a win in New Zealand, their first race as teammates. They both looked at each other after the race and almost simultaneously asked “Why didn’t we do this a decade earlier?” And then everyone got it. The best driver in Australia had hired the second-best driver in Australia. A pretty good duo to take on the world, yeah?
The first half of 1986 was a busy one for the HDT. The Australian championship, the partial European campaign that culminated in the Spa 24 Hour in Belgium and the ever-expanding road car business, Peter Brock was a man who looked to have it made. As Moffat put it, “Peter was well on his way to becoming a millionaire while the rest of us were just journeymen”.
And then…
Then came the Energy Polariser.
This is when things turn to sh*t.
As I said Eric Dowker was a key part of Brock’s life. Along with going smoke and grog-free, part of his treatments involved crystals and all sorts of stuff that would be considered “New Age”. Noticing how well it had worked on him, Brock became a full-on convert. He was bordering on being obsessed with these damn crystals and then he had an idea: If crystals and help human performance, what about car performance?
The idea seemed innocent enough, but most would have written it off. Brock didn’t. According to some from within the HDT, crystals were getting dangled around the engine dyno and other areas of the workshop. Dowker started appearing at every race meeting in full HDT uniform. He was mockingly referred to as “Doctor Feelgood”.
Ultimately, Brock and Dowker came up with a small plastic box filled with a pair of magnets separated by some crystals embedded in epoxy resin. It was held to the firewall of a car by a single self-tapping screw. The Energy Polariser.
According to Brock “It’s a magic cure. It makes a shithouse car good.”
Brock had already been quietly fitting them to the race cars without telling the other drivers. John Harvey only found out when the polariser broke off its mounting point during a practice session and almost went under his brake pedal.
Brock then started offering them to customers. For just $467AUD you could have this little box of magic fitted to the firewall of your car and it would cure all its ills (allegedly).
Now put yourself in Holden’s shoes. You have an image to maintain right? And then you find out your golden boy is with no scientific basis, putting a box of crystals in cars that have your name and badge on them claiming that they’re “Aligning the molecules of the engine”. Hmm…
So very reasonably, Holden at this point is saying “Uh Peter? This Energy Polariser thingy? What’s the thinking behind it? Seems a bit fishy to us.”
Brock and Dowker respond to Holden with a press release. It was essentially one page of complete and utter gibberish were Brock and Dowker crap on about “vibrations” and how the Polariser will “align the molecules in its sphere of influence”. Want to give yourself a migraine? Here it is in all its glory (apologies for the quality): https://hsvclubnsw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DB-Technology-Polariser-Statement.pdf
Remember, this isn’t a cult leader or a pyramid scheme sales pitch or a Byron Bay “Instagram influencer” coming out with this. This is coming from a racing car driver.
The real concerning thing for Holden and anyone who knows a thing or two about cars was the recommended tyre pressures for a Polariser-equipped car: 20 psi. For those of you who don’t know, that’s all but flat. But according to Brock, that’s okay because “the molecules will be aligned, and all will be well…”
At best it was all pseudoscience and at worst it was downright dangerous. Holden were alarmed and insisted on properly testing it. To nobody’s surprise it was found to be simply what it looked like: a box of crystals. Brock then went over Holden’s head to General Motors thinking that surely the mothership would hear him out. They didn’t. Still though, Brock rejected the perfectly reasonable findings that his box of crystals was useless. He even lied to Holden that when GM tested it, they thought it was brilliant and were considering making it a standard feature in all their cars. A quick phone called from Australia to America proved that to be false. As far as Brock was concerned, the Energy Polariser was so advanced, there wasn’t a way to properly test it. Holden were NOT happy at this point.
Brock though didn’t care. Even when the Australian Sceptic’s Society awarded him their ‘Bent Spoon Award’, he pushed on determinedly creating a road car that in his mind would be his and the HDT’s crowning glory: The Director.
All this culminated in February 1987.
The World Touring Car Championship that the HDT were going to take on? Nope. Brock pulled the pin leaving co-drivers Moffat and Harvey (who were both finalising sponsorship deals) out in the cold.
And then he really, really shot himself in the foot when he launched The Director. As an aside, The Director was one badass looking car. Based on the Holden VL Commodore with a low body kit and flared rear wing it still looks the goods today. But Holden took a dim view of it for two main reasons:

It came with the Energy Polariser fitted as standard.
It featured a new independent rear suspension system developed by the HDT that Holden hadn’t tested or approved.

Holden had asked for more time to evaluate the suspension, but Brock ignored them and refused to even allow Holden to test it. On top the Energy Polariser, it was the last straw.
At the launch of The Director Brock stood in front of The Director that sat on a rotating platform and said the words that put the final nail in the HDT’s coffin:
“We have a motor car which you can probably see circulating behind me which is capable of gaining us some much-earned export dollars and Holden are trying to stop me and I’m a pretty determined sort of person and I’m pressing on. They said to me, if you Peter Brock announce this car at the end of this week, we will withdraw all support. Well, I’ve gone ahead, and I’ve announced it.”
After that, Holden were officially done. They terminated their partnership with the HDT. The dealers cut the support to the race team and the money dried up. The road car business was finished and the race team was decimated. Allan Moffat and John Harvey resigned.
Here's a news report that sums up the events: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZZpP4fbgeE&t=196s
Moffat summed it up best in his autobiography: “I have been through the corporate wringer myself. I have railed against bureaucracy and been frustrated by people who simply won’t be reasonable and do things my way. I have, in my view, been severely let down by people I’ve trusted-although possibly they don’t share that opinion. But if I’d been in a position where I had General Motors in my hip pocket, I would never, never, never have put myself above them. That’s not corporate cowardice; it’s just common sense.”
The HDT was done. Or was it? You see although Holden didn’t want a bar of Brock, his main sponsor Mobil reasoned that he was still the fan favourite and therefore, still money in the bank and agreed to sponsor what was left of the team. He just needed a bit of extra cash to keep him racing. And it came from an unlikely source.
He had three race cars left in his workshop. Two were for racing in Australia and the third was for the aborted World Touring Car campaign. Three men showed up to look at that car. They told Brock they represented a huge fan of his who wanted to own a bit of Brock history. They wrote a cheque for $125 000, gave it to Brock, put the car on their trailer and took it straight to the car’s new owner: Allan Moffat.
Moffat and John Harvey ended up doing what Brock was going to do: Have a crack at the World Championship. It was only a partial campaign on a shoestring budget, but they took a victory at Monza and an outstanding 4th outright at the Spa 24 Hour, driving as a two-man team when everyone else had 3. For me, as an Australian motorsport nutcase, this remains one of the biggest ‘what-ifs’. I mean just imagine if Brock pulled his head in and they had a proper well-financed crack at it. The HDT could have been world champions…
But that’s all hypotheticals. For 1987, Brock ran a much leaner operation. He had a quiet Australian championship. No wins and no podiums. He was even lapped in several races. He cut a dejected figure. And then…
He went out and won the Bathurst 1000.
Against the world’s best (Bathurst was part of the World Touring Car Championship), and in a shoestring budget sh*tbox of a car, he won the damn thing! (I’ve covered that race more thoroughly in a previous post here. Just check my profile for the “Nice wheel arches mate” story. Highly recommend, great read 😉)
After 1987 though, Brock really was in the wilderness. He spent 1988 in an uncompetitive BMW and 1989 & 1990 in a, wait for it, in a Ford. He did win a handful of races but was far from the force he once was. At the end of 1990 the team was officially closed down.
For 1991 Brock went back to Holden, albeit as a privateer, again with minimal success. For 1994 though, Holden took him back in a factory capacity. After the HDT was wound down, Holden backed a new factory squad run by the Tom Walkinshaw Racing empire, the Holden Racing Team. For 1994, the HRT reasoned that commercially, having the people’s champion and the money from Mobil that came with him was a good thing. Brock was back albeit just as a driver. He had no say in the running of the team. Still, he became more competitive again, but he never quite rediscovered his untouchable brilliance from the late 70’s and early 80’s. The younger generation was taking over. By the end of 1997, he retired from fulltime driving.
The problem for Brock, was that retirement didn’t suit him. He was restless and kept on having little comebacks. Some were successful, others less so. He also got right into tarmac rallying which would sadly be the death of him. Ask any Australian motor racing fan where they were and what they were doing on the 8th of September 2006, and they will be able to tell you. I know I can. Driving in a Targa Rally in Western Australia, Brock’s Daytona Coupe went driver’s door first into a thick gum tree. He was killed instantly. All of Australia went into mourning for the second time in just a couple of days. Steve Irwin had died earlier in the week. September ’06 sucked if you were Australian.
It's been over 15 years since Peter Brock died. Many books, documentaries and podcasts have been made about him. There’s no doubt that he was THE fan favourite of Australian motorsport and his legacy and success is still revered today. And yet, when you bring up February 1987 and the events leading up to it to a Brock-diehard even they’ll admit it wasn’t his finest hour. Good people sometimes make bad decisions.
To finish up, here’s an ironic twist to the story. Since Brock’s death, the value of the HDT road cars has spiked due to their heritage and rareness. But the most valuable of all? That would be The Director. Only 9 were made before the HDT road car division was shut down so their value has soared. Originally priced at $87 000 when launched in 1987, one of them sold at auction for well over $300 000 in 2010. The same car that brought the company down is now the most valuable car that it produced.
And yes, it came equipped with the Energy Polariser.

So I noticed that this questline is a lot like the two doors two guards riddle where whoever originally owned the ring of thorns was the serial killer in Mirrah: Pate says it's Creighton's ring, Creighton says it's Pate's ring and says Pate is a serial killer who kills "solely for the pleasure of it, Cale says it's Creighton or someone named Creighton, but I think if there was an infamous killer people would know their face in Mirrah so as to publicly shame Creighton before his execution, it seems highly unlikely Cale was talking about someone's likeness being based on their ARMOR or SILHOUTEE that would make no fucking sense, it's like if you said every tall person was lebron james: think about it, even in dark souls 2 it only makes sense that Cale is referring to Pate. Plus giants actually exist in this world. He wouldn't recognize Creighton based on height alone. Given how sure and generally kind Cale is: Cale wouldn't accuse someone of being Creighton JUST because when wearing armor you look similar to Creighton. Executions tend to be public spectales to satiate public outcry so I'm betting Cale knew Creighton's actual face. Plus at no point during the story does Creighton appear even REMOTELY capable of escaping execution RIGHT BEFORE WHEN SECURITY WOULD BE THE TIGHTEST. Only an akuma with a silver tongue would be able to. you can't escape a jail cell though brute strength alone, otherwise Creighton would never have hollowed away all of his sanity and memories and original presumably generic proto-Bearer of the Curse personality(ie personality of spamming soul spear barrage in the brotherhood of blood arena for 500 matches in huntsmen's corpse.)
Anyways, here are some details from another thread, also another thing I just realized is a symptom of hollowing is "forgetting who you are" like what happens in the beginning where your player struggles to recognize themselves in the human effigy and when lucatiel gives you the human effigy and says "of course I have no idea what it is" SHE IS STARTING TO FORGET WHO SHE IS SO SHE DOESN'T SEE HERSELF IN THE EFFIGY BECAUSE OF HOLLOWING
" Not really, both of them are untrustworthy and omit things about themselves. No matter which one you ally with, they'll betray you. My preferred solution is just to help one, get their reward and kill the other.(from SundownKid)"
"But Pate generally tells the truth in a deceitful way. Other than when he pretends to need your help against Creighton and pretending the ring of thorns originally belonged to Creighton. Creighton generally tells lies in a way that is transparent and reveals the truth due to his emotional and paranoid-obsessive nature. But the entire conceit of the questline is how both muddy the waters.(from me)"
"also more than that, it's entirely possible all of Creighton's psychosis are just symptoms of hollowing. What if Pate hid the key to the lockaway in that place with those dagger rogues and thieves **because he didn't want Creighton to be freed and wanted him to slowly hollow and die** honestly that is pretty sick and psychotic way to kill someone and it just makes Pate look more and more suspiscious where as Creighton is literally just hollowing the entire time(note that like Cale who maintains some sanity through the Purpose of making a map; like some blacksmiths do in dark souls with the Purpose of smithing[You'll spoil my focus!], it's possible Creighton does so too from the Purpose of revenge and goes fully hollow off-screen after killing Pate)
So Pate's plan would be to use Creighton's hollowing to make Creighton look like the crazy one to the player while gaslighting the shit out of Creighton while killing Creighton because Pate is just that evil and sadistisc.
If you side with Pate you're literally helping Pate clean up his own mess, also Cale's dialogue is meant to imply either one could be the serial killer from Mirrah. Because Creighton says Pale has serial killer traits in your meeting with him. Whereas Cale fingers someone NAMED Creighton."
"Also of note is the fact that Steady Hand Mcduff is swinging his hammer wildly and is hollowing and are you gona tell me that mcduff and creighton DON'T have similar mannerisms? McDuff: mutters to himself about psycho stalker shit about his ex-girlfriend named Flame, dear Flame.. Creighton: mutters to himself about psycho stalker shit about his ex-boyfriend Pate(at the undead lockaway AND the ruined fork bonfire)
also Pate altered his gear, and Creighton's gear is also altered, a serial killer would dress up people like dolls, it's almost definitely Pate.
plus when you open the trap after creighton gives you the key it could in fact be just another symptom of his hollowing-induced psycosis, I could see Mcduff doing the same thing. Also Creighton's wild rage during the fight with Pate can also be attributed to this. And the timeframe- we know that Creighton has been locked in the undead lockaway since BEFORE we speak to Pate in the forest of fallen giants. Even if the player goes through Heide's Tower of Flame, they still have to open the bridge and THEN go onto the left path and enter a cave WHICH IS NOTABLY LITTERED WITH ENEMIES SO PATE COULD ENSURE CREIGHTON'S DEMISE and in that time I would bet Creighton is already in the same condition as Cale, and he's lost all of his memories, and can only fixate on the last thing that happened to him as his mind/soul has no capacity for anything else. Much like Cale, though who knows why Cale or Chloanne chose to hyper-fixate on stones and maps instead of their original point in coming to drangleic which was presumably to break the curse of the undead.
I'm willing to bet the original Pate who is Creighton is the ordinary one and Pate abadonend his serial killer gear on the New-Pate and thought of the idea to use New-Pate's original armor which is ACTUALLY mild-mannnered(Creighton was probably originally like the player and had rolled the warrior class from dark souls 1) to avoid detection by people like Cale and more easily trick people like the player.
Lastly if you look at the few parts of Creighton's face which aren't obscured they look hollow and the player is supposed to misunderstand this as how a serial killer would generally look but it's from hollowing and Creighton's used to look white like Pate's before Creighton started going hollow in the undead lockaway. Starving to death without any estus."

" as for the booby-trapped chest even if creighton and pate were working together before creighton lost most of his memories, it's hardly intentional at that point because creighton was literally a different person a non-killer PERSONA before he started to lose his mind in the undead lockaway. He may have still tricked the player but he's also lost most of his mind already so it doesn't really convince. Plus, at least in the original game, the way he's sitting at the ruined fork bonfire also makes me think he's like Cale in his hollowing. Also this is also why he lives till Dark Souls 3, he was already hollow before Cale was killed. And he remains hollow until the literal end of the world and ends up in that covenant in dark souls 3. NOT because he was the serial killer, but because he THINKS he is." [also of note that I didn't realize when I wrote this comment in the other thread is that the chest is booby-trapped before post-hollowing New-Creighton gets to the cove, and it's highly unlikely that proto-Bearer of the Curse Old-Pate was as meticulous as New-Pate, and even if he was he probably literally forgot about it when he gave you the key EVERYONE WHO KILLED CREIGHTON IS BAD AND SHOULD FEEL BAD also of note is this seems like something they were trying to do with Griggs of Vinheim in dark souls 1 and it's kinda an obvious twist to go for with the premise of hollowing is "what if you were hollowing forget yourself and started thinking you were someone else" and also wouldn't Creighton as a serial killer BOAST about being the original owner of the ring of throns? Notably New-Creighton does not)]
" actually the only thing unaccounted for in this "theory" (it's probably what the developers actually intended you to figure out as there are clues in 3 other NPCs Mcduff, Cale, and Chloanne, who are unrelated to this questline) is why "Creighton" is wearing the mirrah knight armor even if it is slightly altered. I'll get back to this when I figure it out. "
"okay so three last things

the true owner of the ring of thrones was probably something that was used during the killings in mirrah(the ring fuels the spite of a serial killer) which is why pate denies ownership and creighton says pate owns the ring 1b)pate purposely tries to NOT appear spiteful durng the entire story THE OPPOSITR OF SPITEFUL because he came to drangleic as a FUGITIVE, meanwhile creighton is nothing but spite but ONLY towards Pate, meanwhhile Pate's entire "treasure hunt" is FUELED by spite so he is the true owner of the ring of thorns.
the armor setof creighton isn't from mirrah just a good-enough replica to fool people, we know from pate's armor that pate has the skills to alter equipment, need I say more. Creighton just talks about murder all of the time and wouldn't have the focus to steer himself away from his hollowing-induced obsession with Pate to alter his own equipment, much less the smithing skills, so obviously Pate is the one who altered his gear.
Creighton mistakes the player for Pate when you first meet Creighton BECAUSE the effect of hollowing has caused him to hyper-fixate the way Cale and Chloanne do for maps. He literally hallucinates you as Pate due to hollowing. And I think there is some lore backing this up but I'm not sure.

3.5) pate's gaslighting is why creighton says "this isn't right" when creighton dies at the cove during the fight with pate
3.55) Creighton is notably much weaker than Pate and could never actually be an infamous killer in Mirrah A LAND OF KNIGHTS(as stated by lucatiel whose blade is thusu always ready) WHERE LUCATIEL WASN"T EVEN THE STRONGEST ONE to achieve infamy you would have to be as strong as Pate
4) Going back to the original event and breaking down the modus opreandi, Creighton gets trapped, maliciously, on purpose, by Pate in the forest of the fallen giants, according to both Pate(Pate denies malice until the reveal at the engraved gauntlets chest) and Creighton and backed up by the reveal if you chose to support Pate at the cove when he fights Creighton(after this Pate frames Creighton when you first meet Pate by saying HE is the owner of the ring of thorns which if you pay attention to the item descrption is meant to symbolize the serial killer from mirrah-whoever is the real owner is the serial killer) Creighton is upset and goes after Pate following this, Creighton sets a trap for Pate in Huntsman's Corpse, Pate tricks him again with his silver tongue that he employs several times against the player and locks him in the lockaway and literally throws away the key. (Or makes it very hard to find) Now I suppose the question is how do we know if Creighton is telling the truth? well to start with we know that pate is wearing creighton's original gear which looks like a player from dark souls 1 the warrior class meaning it's meant to symbolize that if the player had gotten to drangleic earlier this could have happened to them instead of Creighton. But more substantially, we know that the generic warrior class would probably have a harder time putting the key where we find it in huntsman's corpse, Pate would be able to turtle those hordes of enemies much better, offense alone wouldn't get you through it, in the context of this"theory." Pate's spear has the reach to deny the dagger rogues who would never reach Pate and even if they did Pate could shield it.(also something that actualy happes in pvp; reach is a nice thig to have) The Warrior class wouldn't be able to make it through. Outside from that literal context clue, trying to figure out how exactly Pate tricked Creighton into falling into his own trap and Pate got the key.. I think I know how, it's kinda obvious when you think about it, Creighton is new to trap-making so he just copied verbatim the trap that Pate did to him in the forest of the fallen giants, so Pate probably said "but there's no treasure in there so why would I walk in there" and Creighton walked in like "what, ofcourse there is, I just put it in he- OH FCK YOU"like eggman and tails in sonic adventure 2 which is also completely consistent with Creighton's brash single-minded and obsessive character and it would make sense Pate would just do the opposite of his previous trap to catch Creighton off-guard , the only question remaining is who put the key where we find it after this? well disregard half of what I said, creighton didn't need a key he just saw that the door would lock on the hut and it makes sense and actually backs up my theory that creighton didn't think he would need a way out. Pate would have easily been able to get the key guarded by the rogues if Pate were the one to set up this trap- Pate would have done this beforehand is that Pate would make sure he had the key on him to escape in case Pate got stuck in the trap he himself laid because Pate says he is cautious and calculating and that one is not a lie. Look at how far he set this all up to throw away his old identity to begin with. Actually even the persona Pate puts on as a liie wouldn't have gotten stuck in the trap because Pate would look for the key first before looking for treasure in any huts. He is, again, cold and calcuating, he set all this up and tries to kill you with the engraved gauntlets chest because he is actually that cautious to have that extra insurance as you are the only one left who could potentially tie him to his past as Creighton the serial killer.
anyways making a new thread"
[also something I just realized is that the ring of thorns implies spite, creighton has a lot of spite to make you think he was the original owner for the ring of thorns, pate has none but this is done on purpose by pate to make people think he's not creighton; he just acts in the opposite way as a fugitive who escaped to Drangleic. Besides it makes sense a criminal would come to a lost forgotten kingdom for that reason. Some people came here for reasons other than the curse like Maughlin the Armorer. Or at least you think that's why Maughlin came here at first. Anyways Pate isn't Undead by his own admission. if Creighton was in the lockaway for as long as he was, he would have died if he was human. It actually explains why he didn't warn you about the booby trap. Hollowing made him forget. Pate wearing Creighton's warrior-class gear hint that Creighton is a generic warrior class roller Bearer of the Curse and came to Drangleic to break the Curse. Pate did not.]
also explicit dialogue that hints at Creighton's hollowing:" Who are you?I thought you were that bastard for a moment. "
"Heh heh…Just wait, you dirty rat…Hm? Oh…Oh! I-I remember you?!Don't you scare me like that. I thought you were him. {He's an infamous serial killer who's killed many people but he's scared by you? He talked tough but his real personality shines through immediately afterwards? HE IS NOT CREIGHTOn.]
" When killed(whimpering and sighing; no subtitles)" [WHAT A MANLY WAY TO DIE; whimpering death and not a warrior's death is another thing that implies that Creighton isn't Creighton; Creighton literally has never fought and killed strong as fuck knights of Mirrah.]
"

When the player opens the trapped chest in Brightstone Cove TseldoraOoh, that'll leave a nasty scar!" [This is literally just an observation. Most people would say a chest like that would leave a nasty scar, not many people fetishize scars outside of the internet. Creighton has probably never been here. Pate revels in it and makes more of a personal jab at you. He does in fact kill just for the pleasure of it, he WANTS to see your scars, he thinks they look NICE, sicko.]

[Pate's weaponry implies that he was strong enough to easily kill Creighton without your help; he was just making a show of it to manipulate the player so that you would trust Pate and open the chest that Pate, not New-Creighton, rigged.: if Pate dies to Creighton without your interference he either underestimated the Hollow Creighton, hid his power level too hard, or both. It's simple.]
End.
Anyways I got off-track a bit because I assumed Pate hid the key which wasn't true at all but there are several points within that tangent that actually add to this theory; Creighton was telling the truth because Pate would be cold and calculating enough to find the lockaway key and keep it with him in case Pate got stuck in his own trap if Pate was trying to trap Creighton instead of the other way around.

Kinda bf cheated with my best friend
There's this guy T...he said hes liked me for the past 2 years. We both are 20y old. Recently I realized I have feelings for him too n we both told each other. We both have the same friends and there are 6 of us in total. Another one of our friend likes me n he made it really really hard for T n me to even consider dating. To make things worse, My best friend realized she has feelings for T at the same time. But she never told me, that's why I even confessed to him in the first place. T n I never actually dated but we flirted all the time, held hands, named kids and talked about the future. We decided not to date right now coz the other 2 are getting really hurt n there was never ending drama T told me we can do something in the future, I held on to that hope n we still kept flirting n doing things like before, he kept telling me he likes me still. This was out in the open and everyone knew about it. Last week I found out he and my best friend cuddled multiple times. He flirted with her too and made jokes with her too. I feel so betrayed by both of them bcoz she knew I didn't know that he stopped liking me. Both of them didn't tell Me. N they did things behind my back. I always asked T if he liked My best friend, n if he did I would have genuinely been supportive of them dating. But both of them didn't tell me. I feel so awful. T n my best friend have gone out sooo many times...but if T n I go out, everyone cries and makes it such a big deal. It really sucks..I feel like I gave up dating him to save our friendship but my best friend did things with him behind my back. What's worse is none of this affects T. T and my best friend are now holding hands and being all touchy and it's killing me to sit next to them n watch it. I feel so betrayed...they were my favorite people...i never expected this .everything feels like a lie.. I feel like I want some revenge... N I feel like I'm overreacting ...the rest of our friends can't take sides so I need perspective on this. Pls help

TL;DR: I'm doing it, everything I wanted to achieve. Working on my mental and physical health, doing good in college and being more social. Still not 100% sure what I want out of life to make me happy but I'll hopefully get there.
I'm pushing myself out of my comfort zone to be more social. I've put effort into looking good through exercising and eating better and just working in my appearance in general. I'm doing good academically, putting the work in. I'm working on myself mentally with therapy and am now on antidepressants for about 2 weeks now. Despite this the low feelings just keep on hitting.
I've had a brief moment where maybe I felt happy but it's difficult for me to tell because I haven't felt something like that in so long. I will say the antidepressants I think are working as they do make me feel emotions again which is nice. Also is helping me almost realise what I miss now, I seem to be lonely and I always knew it but when Ibwas depressed being on my own was all I knew so I couldn't give that up. Now I'm starting to realise I enjoy peoples company but like not really small talk stuff which makes me feel like an asshole. I'm still unsure what I want but maybe there is a level of direction coming into reality now.
It just sucks because I have also been a bit gasligjting myself into thinking my antidepressants would just cure my depression. It worked for a little while but it's like my brain is too smart to be deceived by myself and copped on after awhile.
Anyway this is just me venting a little as maybe it'll help me but who knows.

Kinda bf cheated with my best friend
There's this guy T...he said hes liked me for the past 2 years. We both are 20y old. Recently I realized I have feelings for him too n we both told each other. We both have the same friends and there are 6 of us in total. Another one of our friend likes me n he made it really really hard for T n me to even consider dating. To make things worse, My best friend realized she has feelings for T at the same time. But she never told me, that's why I even confessed to him in the first place. T n I never actually dated but we flirted all the time, held hands, named kids and talked about the future. We decided not to date right now coz the other 2 are getting really hurt n there was never ending drama T told me we can do something in the future, I held on to that hope n we still kept flirting n doing things like before, he kept telling me he likes me still. This was out in the open and everyone knew about it. Last week I found out he and my best friend cuddled multiple times. He flirted with her too and made jokes with her too. I feel so betrayed by both of them bcoz she knew I didn't know that he stopped liking me. Both of them didn't tell Me. N they did things behind my back. I always asked T if he liked My best friend, n if he did I would have genuinely been supportive of them dating. But both of them didn't tell me. I feel so awful. T n my best friend have gone out sooo many times...but if T n I go out, everyone cries and makes it such a big deal. It really sucks..I feel like I gave up dating him to save our friendship but my best friend did things with him behind my back. What's worse is none of this affects T. T and my best friend are now holding hands and being all touchy and it's killing me to sit next to them n watch it. I feel so betrayed...they were my favorite people...i never expected this .everything feels like a lie.. I feel like I want some revenge... N I feel like I'm overreacting ...the rest of our friends can't take sides so I need perspective on this. Pls help

There's this guy T...he said hes liked me for the past 2 years. We both are 20y old. Recently I realized I have feelings for him too n we both told each other. We both have the same friends and there are 6 of us in total. Another one of our friend likes me n he made it really really hard for T n me to even consider dating. To make things worse, My best friend realized she has feelings for T at the same time. But she never told me, that's why I even confessed to him in the first place. T n I never actually dated but we flirted all the time, held hands, named kids and talked about the future. We decided not to date right now coz the other 2 are getting really hurt n there was never ending drama T told me we can do something in the future, I held on to that hope n we still kept flirting n doing things like before, he kept telling me he likes me still. This was out in the open and everyone knew about it. Last week I found out he and my best friend cuddled multiple times. He flirted with her too and made jokes with her too. I feel so betrayed by both of them bcoz she knew I didn't know that he stopped liking me. Both of them didn't tell Me. N they did things behind my back. I always asked T if he liked My best friend, n if he did I would have genuinely been supportive of them dating. But both of them didn't tell me. I feel so awful. T n my best friend have gone out sooo many times...but if T n I go out, everyone cries and makes it such a big deal. It really sucks..I feel like I gave up dating him to save our friendship but my best friend did things with him behind my back. What's worse is none of this affects T. T and my best friend are now holding hands and being all touchy and it's killing me to sit next to them n watch it. I feel so betrayed...they were my favorite people...i never expected this .everything feels like a lie.. I feel like I want some revenge... N I feel like I'm overreacting ...the rest of our friends can't take sides so I need perspective on this. Pls help

Something happened last night and I’m still high so I don’t know if I’m overreacting. Me (23F) my friend (25f) and her boyfriend (25m) got drunk and also high on coke, so we were VERY talkative and often times incoherent, if you know you know.
I’ve known my friend, we’ll call her Chloe, for nearly a year and she’s great. Her boyfriend, we’ll call Jack, I’ve never been too keen on. They’ve been together for 5 years and sometimes he can be a bit of a dick, Chloe is not delusional but I think a part of her thinks they’ve been together for so long they may as well make it to the end. He can sometimes be lazy and a bit childish, but overall he is a pretty intelligent guy intellectually and emotionally.
We were talking about really deep topics and the topic of Jack’s family came up. He said how he doesn’t really speak much with his family because they are very ignorant and it’s exhausting trying to ‘correct’ them all the time. Basically lots of racial microaggressions, his mum actually got brought to court because she, and I quote, saw a woman in a hijab sat in a corner and she said to her colleague “I bet she doesn’t speak English” or something along those lines. I believe she is some sort of teacher.
He brought up how his family constantly used slurs and he has to tell them to stop, and Chloe said sometimes family members would say really ignorant things to her because they “can’t say it in front of Jack” and this makes her super uncomfortable too.
For context, he grew up in and his family still lives in Croydon, which is south of London. It is very culturally diverse, specifically with black minorities. Him and his family are white.
He was talking about how it’s very ironic that his mum says the things she says (she’s one of those people who refuses to educate themselves because they think the world has gone ‘sensitive’ and ‘woke’) because one of her best friends is actually black. He was saying how he knows she wouldn’t dare say the things she says in front of her friend, so for her to claim she isn’t being racist is hypocritical.
Anyway, he said “her friend isn’t a [c word that rhymes with moon], I don’t think she knows what my mum says behind closed doors”. I was initially very taken aback because I never hear that word, especially in this country.
I immediately called him out and said that it’s a slur. He said he understands but he meant it in the context of black people being performative towards white people, which is where the word apparently originated. He said people have discussed this with him before and he knows to never say that word in front of someone who is actually black because even if he meant it ‘in that context’ it would obviously be in big trouble. Chloe agreed and said he had to be careful saying that word, it’s clear they have had a conversation about it before.
This is what is confusing me. I do believe using that word is wrong in any context (he said the n word purely has racist origins so he would never say it) and I personally had no idea it has a different context as I’ve only ever known it as a slur (also not very common in the UK either).
I’m just confused because he is very against slurs, always calls out racism etc. I know this doesn’t mean he can’t be racially ignorant but I think I was just very confused in the context of the situation because it came out of nowhere.
Jack isn’t ignorant, he’s quite an emotionally intelligent person and so is Chloe. I don’t know if this is some weird blip.
I’ve had similar situations before with close friends who used words/said things I don’t agree with. I understand no one is perfect, but these situations create a lot of anxiety for me as it triggers a ‘guilty conscience’ reaction in my head which leads to panic attacks and long bouts of depression. I’m currently in therapy unpacking things like this, because some things have grey areas and I’m not automatically a bad person for wanting to stay friends with someone even after they said something out of the blue.
I was just wondering people’s thoughts on this. This is the first time he has ever said something like this and I’ve known him for nearly a year. He is very outspoken against racism and microaggressions usually, so now I feel confused.

*h2loupehk^- > G. alṓpēx, Arm. ałuēs, Skt. lopāśá-s, A. luumóo ‘fox’, Ni. livaša, Kt. řavéki, Kv. vříka, *-aka > Is. urvesok
*rompek’ > *rompec’ > *repomc’ > *repäns’ > F. repo, Es. rebane, Mv. r’ives’, Hn. raasz

These have been seen as loans, but no Iranian word matches completely (various Dardic ones also given for comparison), so either not a loan or some changes in PU obscured its origin. The *-ns’ (if original) would match G. as a C-stem (with -C > -0 in nom. for PU). If related, evidence that u was w after V, vp > mp (maybe like A. luumóo, other ev. that Dardic m \ v alternated). In *h2loupehk^- > G. alṓpēx, *ovp > *o_p > *ōp (like dáphnē \ daukhnā- ‘laurel’, with u disappearing before ph but not kh showing it was *v even in very old dialects). The k^ : c’ found in so many words seems to support their relation.

Skt. caṭaka- ‘sparrow’, Hi. ciṛā, Ben. côṛai, B. čOṛkuṛi ‘bird’, Rom. čiriklo
*či(n)čä > Sm. cicce ‘sparrow / small bird’, *či(n)čikä > Skp. čičik(a)
*c’iNc’V(kV) > Nen. s’inc’ek ‘small bird’
*c’Vlc’V > Mi. c’ül’c’ ‘wading bird (redshank?)’
*čäčkä > Z. čakčej, Mv. šekšej ‘spotted woodpecker’
*čac’kV > Sm. cisku ‘falcon’
*s’äRkc’e > Z čikči, F. sääksi ‘kite’, Es. sääsk

It is hard to think all these words are unrelated. Only a small group of Indo-Iran. languages have the basic word for ‘bird’ contain č-k-R. Dardic languages often show assim. of affricates (c-č > č-č , etc.) if *ki > *c’i in *čaṛkiṛu > čaṛc’iṛu etc. It is again likely r > R > k in some.

*k^h2anku- > Skt. śaŋkú- ‘twig/peg/post/stake/spike/stick/arrow’
*čxeŋkV > Sm. *cэŋkē prop/strut/support’, Ud. čog ‘nail’, Hn. csegely ‘wedge-shaped field/meadow’

This supposes *cseg ‘wedge’ >> csegely. The cs- instead of s- in Hn. might be caused by a cluster instead of plain č (reasonaly it would be čx or c’x ) and the IE words have -a-, meaning h2 should be there. This is unlikely to be chance.

Skt. nā́man-, G. ónuma, Lac. énuma-, Arm. anun, TA ñom, TB ñem; *nime > F. nimi ‘name’

This is a hard one. There’s a vague similarity, but what kind of strange changes could have brought this *nime about? It’s a little too much for me. I’ll have to come back to this later, using all my faculties to their fullest.

*dhuh2tó- ‘shaken / fanned’, *dhuh2ti-s ‘smoke’ > Skt. dhūtá- \ dhutá- ‘shaken / agitated’, B. dukti ‘soul / last breath’; *dhuxti > *dhwati > *lwali > *lewle > F. löyly ‘spirit / steam from the sauna stove’, Hn. lélëk ‘soul’

More t > l. That it is closest to Dardic with Toch. uh2 > ua > wa would be important.

*-es, *V-:s (pl); *-t

This would make the most sense if s > θ in some environments in PU (after V but not before C, for ex.). If s could merge with t, the odd treatment of t in PU, like t > l, could be from the same change. This would mean t > l could come from t > θ > l. This means s > l would be possible between V’s (that is, for -s- and -s, the difference is > l but not after C, not word-final).

*wes- > OE wesan ‘be/remain’, Skt. vásati ‘dwell’, TB woloktär ‘dwells’; *wole- > F. ole- ‘be’

This is what would be required if they were related; the similarity to TB is clear, but this is usually taken as contamination with koloktär (below)

*kWelh- > G. pélomai ‘move’, Skt. cárati ‘move/wander’, TB koloktär ‘follows’; F. kulke- ‘go/walk/travel’

If they were related; the similarity to TB is clear. Toch. had k / 0 (which I say came from *x in
>
*memsuxā- > *pesukā- > TA puskāñ
*memsuxā- > *pesuā- > *peswā- > TB passoñ ‘muscles’

*lewax^- > *lewa(k)- > TA lu, pl. lwāk
*lewax^- > *lewa(s)- > TB luwo, pl. lwāsa ‘animal’

*gWHoluwxo- > *guluxo- > Arm. glux ‘head/summit/end / chief’
*gWHoluwāx > *golwā > R. golová ‘head’, Li. galvà

*mxulto:(n) > *mxëlto > TA mkälto ‘young’, malto ‘in the first place’

Toch. and Arm. having some *x > k / 0 would match *k > *x > 0 in:

Skt. srákva- \ sṛkvaṇ- ‘corner of mouth’, TB *sǝrkwan- > *sǝrxwan- > särwāna (pl. tan.) ‘face’
>

L. dingua, TA käntu, TB kantwo; *kääle > F. kieli
or
Li. liežùvis, Kh. ligìni ‘tongue’ (reanalyzed with *leig^h- ‘lick’ ); *leikwi > *läike > *kääle > F. kieli

If close to Toch., similar to *mntis > L. menti-; *manti > *menle > *meele > F. mieli ‘reason/understanding’). That it is closest to Toch. would be important.
If close to Dardic, the long *ää would correspond to *ei (which would need to be shortened before CC elsewhere). That it is closest to IE with reanalyzed forms would be important.

*h2anti- \ -o- \ -0- > Skt. ánta- ‘end/limit’, Go. andeis, H. hanz() = xant-s ‘front’, TA ānt, TB ānte ‘surface/forehead’; *anli > *ajŋe ‘brain/temple’ F. aivo(t), H. agy

This seems to show nt > ŋl then l > l’ before front, l’ > j after N (before nl > _l ). A similar case, with no fronting in tu vs. ti

*pett(u)ro- > Arm. pHetur ‘feather’, Skt. pátatra- ‘wing/feather’, pátra- / páttra-
*pewturo > *pimtulo > *piŋlule > *piŋul \ *piŋe > Es. püvi, F. pyy ‘hazelhen’, Mv. povo, H. fogoly \ fogor-\fogu-madár

In which dissim. of l-l in *piŋlule > *piŋul prevented loss of ŋ. The opt. change of tt > wt in Arm. is similar (see Skt. aṃ-vitti- ‘not finding’, Arm. an-giwt ‘not found’; *wid-ti- >Arm. giwt -i- ‘finding / invention’, git -i- ‘finding / gift’). The alt. of w \ m \ ŋ seen in others (*pilŋ- \ *pilm- \ *pilv- ‘dark, cloud’; *xaŋ’t’a- > ŋ \ n’ \ m > X. âŋǝt ‘horn/antler’, Mi. ān’t, Nen. n’amtǝ). Other met. might have created:

*pimtula > *limputa > *linta \ *lunta > F. lintu ‘bird’, X. lont \ tunt ‘goose’, Hn. lúd

in which the alt. of 2 V’s in i \ u come from *i-u in the older form, just like i \ u for ‘fly’:

*pimtula > *pimlula > *limpula > *limplä \ *lum(p)lä > *lum(p)ä(l)- \ *lim(p)ä(l)- > H. libëg- \ lebëg- ‘float’, libben- ‘fly up / flutter’, levegöö ‘air’, Ud. lob-, lobal- ‘fly’, Z. leb-, le.bal-

*polh1o- ‘broad’ > OCS polŭ ‘side/shore’; *päxlä > Mv. päl’ ‘side’, Sm. bælle ‘side/half (lengthwise)’, F. -piele

If h1 = x^ this palatal would opt. change V > front. Met. of lx > xl

*pah2g^s(a)lo- > G. pássalos ‘peg’, L. *pakslos > pālus ‘stake’; *paaK^lo > *pääK^lo > *peele > Es. peel ‘pole/post’, F. pieli ‘(door)post/jamb’, Hn. ajtó-fél

If native, h2 = x would prevent xg^ from becoming xd^; after VxC > V:C, this palatal g^ would opt. change V > front. It’s possible the double K(^) here caused both length, then long V before a C > 0 was raised. This explanation would be unavailable if a loan from L. (or indirectly).

*gWrh2ur- > Go. kaurus, G. barús, Skt. gurú- ‘heavy’; *gWraxur > *gWraurǝ > *läwlǝ > F. läyli ‘heavy’

As in Arm., old *-ur in u-stems. If final -V added after all -r, it might only remain in those words that would become monosyl. if lost. It’s also possible -x- was lost in Vxu and Vxi first ( > Vwu and Vji ), hard to tell. Looking at this, it’s possible that TB krāmär did not come from a derivative in *-mr or *-wr but instead directly:

*gWrh2ur- > *gWraxur > *gWrawur > *gwrawur > *grawur > *gramur >TB krāmär ‘weight’, kramartse ‘heavy’

with w-w dissim., then w > m by u.

*wedo- > Arm. get ‘river’, *do-are-wedo- > W. darwedd ‘bubbling/fountain/spring’
*wete > F. vesi, g. veden, Mi. wit(’), Hn. víz, acc. vizet

*wediko- > *wed’iko- > *woð’kV > Z. vol’ ‘small river’

Now, if *wete means ‘water’ and *woð’kV ‘small river’, doesn’t that imply the existence of *-kV as a diminutive? As in F. poika ‘son/boy’? The alt. of e / o here would show either ablaut or optional rounding; whichever you pick, both seen in IE in this word (*wodo:r > *wudo:r in G.). The sound that became either *t or *ð’ implies either d > t / ð’ in different environments or ð > t / ð’ (and voicing as original would be preferred, since *tk > *dk would not be ususal).

Skt. putraká- ‘little son/boy/child’, *pütRak^á > *pöxäc^a > Kt. pe-éts \ pe-éz, Dm. paai, A. phay- / phoó ‘boy’; *polraka > F. poika ‘son/boy’

V-harmony u-a > o-a again. The change of t > l after V as before could give *polraka > *porlaka > *porlka > *pojka > F. poika (with no more ex.), but the palatalization in Dardic could be responsible instead (it could be that the suffix was *-akx^a- not *-aka- , etc., hard to tell).

*webh- > OE webb ‘web/weft/woven work’, *webhto- ‘cloth’ > Av. ubdaēna-; *wepte- ‘catch with a net’ > Mr. wapte-, Ud. votes

If this shows the existence of PU *weptV- ‘net’ to a verb *wepte- ‘catch with a net’, it would be hard not to see IE.

*syuh1- ’sew / stitch’, L. sūtor ‘shoemaker’, OPr schumeno ‘shoemaker’s filament’
*syuh1to- > OHG siut ‘suture/seam’, Skt. syūtá-, Li. siútas; *s(j)ukto > *sukse > F. suksi ‘ski / snowshoe’

If t > θ first, kθ > ks before θ > l. The many matches of h : k don’t seem like chance.

G. kurtía ‘wickerwork shield’, kúrtē ‘fish-basket’, Skt. kuti(:)- ‘hut’
*kuta > *kota > F. kota, Sm. goatte ‘tent / Lapp hut’
*külä > F. kylä ‘village/dwelling’, Mi. kül ‘house’

If rt only opt. > rl, it would fit. There are too many words with the same meaning showing front vs. back harmony to be coincidence. Some are caused by *jV (jalka ‘foot / leg’ vs. *jelkä > jälki ‘footprint’), this would require opt. u > ü > u / i as in Arm., Dardic. The same in *wülä below.

*ud- > Go. ut, Skt. ud-; *wülä \ *wilä \ *wile > ylä- ‘uppehigh(er)’, yle-mpi

With d > l, u- > wu-; if not a derivative, it would require opt. u > ü > u / i as in Arm., Dardic. The same in Skt. kuti(:)- ‘hut’; *kuta > *kota > F. kota, Sm. goatte ‘tent / Lapp hut’, *külä > Mi. kül ‘house’)

*ud-t(e)ro- > Skt. úttara- ‘upper’; *udteRo > *uðtego > *tuðego > *tuð’ka > F. tutka ‘tip/peak’, Mi. tal’ǝk

Met. before any further changes of dt (if the same as tt).

*(s)kermn- > Skt. cárman- ‘skin/hide’; *k’er’man > *c’eð’mä > *c’ämd’e > *c’äpte > Sm. čävddë ‘skin/bark’, Nen. s’āpt

The same change in G. pérdix ‘partridge’; *perdā > *pað’ta > Mi. pal’tā ‘black grouse’, Hn. fajd, then met. (maybe d’m > md’ > bd > pt was regular).

*septǝmó- ‘7th’ > G. hebdomós, OPr sep(t)mas, L. septimus; *s’eŋ’c’emä > F. seitsemä- ‘7’, Z. s’iz’im

The great similarity and possibility of Ce > C’e being so strong makes a relation nearly certain. Now, if this might come from a word with -pt- and it contains -ŋ’c’- there instead (or whatever cluster you prefer), shouldn’t this be taken as evidence that pt could change into mt \ ŋt before palatalization? This is because of he alt. of w \ m \ ŋ seen in others (*pilŋ- \ *pilm- \ *pilv- ‘dark, cloud’; *xaŋ’t’a- > ŋ \ n’ \ m > X. âŋǝt ‘horn/antler’, Mi. ān’t, Nen. n’amtǝ; *petturo- > *pewturo > *pimtulo > *piŋlule > *piŋul \ *piŋe > Es. püvi, F. pyy ‘hazelhen’, Mv. povo, H. fogoly \ fogor-\fogu-madár). That tt and pt could become mt matches Arm. (with tt / pt > wt(H) all possible). This kind of coincidence is not believable.

If the ‘7th’ > ‘7’ change was shared in the higher numbers, the clusters *-tt- in both ‘5’ and ‘6’ would be from *-CCto- in ‘5th’ and ‘6th’ in IE. Some also added *-ti-, which might be closer.

*y(e)mho- > ON Ymir, Skt. yamá- ‘twin’; *jaxma > F. jama \ jaama ‘joint’, Sm. juomek ‘twin lamb’

If this is a loan, it would show metathesis and IE *h > *x in reconstructions, good evidence for its existence for those who have made a case for Vx vs V: or V > V: in the past.

*wag^- > G. ágnūmi ‘break/shatter’, Skt. vájra-s ‘Indra’s thunderbolt’, Av. vazra- ‘Mithra’s club’; *vas’ara > F. vasara ‘hammer’, TB bhaśīr ‘lightning’

These seem like loans into both PU and Toch. The V’s in both probably come from *vadz’ǝra- with various V’s (ǝ > i is expected in Indic, Skt. vs. Pkt). Likely Iran. *vadz’ǝra- > *vaz’ǝra- > PU *vas’ara, Indic *vadz’ǝra- > *vadžǝra- > *vadžira- etc. A loan of this age does not show that *Kr would become KVr in PU in native words (or earlier loans).

*k^oh3no-s ? > G. kônos ‘(pine-)cone / spinning top? / bullroarer?’, Skt. śān(.)a-s ‘whetstone’, MP afsān, Shu. pisēn, Os. insōn(ë), Kh. usàn, Rom. (y)asan; *päxnV > Ud. penon, Hn. fen- ‘sharpen/whet / whetstone’

If a loan, it is closest to Shu. pisēn which would show CVC- > CC- (like Skt. pāṃsulá- ‘dusty’, Ni. pasalä ‘dust’, *psulá > Dk. phúla ‘ashes’; *psora > Hn. por ‘dust/powdeashes’). If native, it would show the unexplained *pk^- or *nk^- \ *mk^- in Indo-Iran. was old (many different affixes attached to a noun make little sense). Note the *h causing opt. n > ṇ (maybe a similar hn > nHnH in Dv.).

*hanhtukāh \ *hanhtikāh > Li. antuka ‘snipe’, Slavic *ontĭka > R. utka ‘duck’; *s’oðka > F. sotka ‘scaup (diving duck)’, Mv. s’ulgo

If utka ‘duck’ : sotka ‘scaup (diving duck)’ is wrong, it would be odd. If right, it would show V > 0 creating *tuk > *θuk > *ðk or similar in the middle syllables. If syllabic h > a, a sequence

*hanhtukāh
*hanatukāh
*hnatukāh
*hnaθukāh
*hnaθkāh

might work. It depends on the nature of the first *h- (whether x or x^ > s^ (or dissim. of x-x earlier)). If *x^ > *s’ here, *Cn- > C- at some point. In H. lahanza(n)-, it’s possible that *h- > *R- > l- (instead of n-n, which did not exist in PIE at least).

Since *toktaŋ’ > X. taxtǝŋ, F. tohtaja \ tohtava ‘Arctic loon / black-throated diver’ seems to be met. of the form that also gave *s’oðka > F. sotka ‘scaup (diving duck)’ (both similar diving birds), it’s likely:

*x^anxtukāx ( = *hanhtukāh )
*x^aŋxtukāx
*x^aŋatukāx
*x^aŋaθukāx
*x^aŋaθukā
*x^aŋaθokā u-a > o-a
*x^ŋaθokā
*x^ŋaθkā *x^ŋoθkā

with V1-V2 > either when middle V > 0 (like *pimtula > *limputa > *linta \ *lunta > F. lintu ‘bird’, X. lont \ tunt ‘goose’). Then, the very odd form would undergo several cases of met. and assim., which were regular would be hard to tell:

*x^ŋoθkā
*s^ŋoθkā
*s^oθkā
*s’oðka

*x^ŋoθkā
*s^ŋoθkā
*θ^ŋoθkā fric-assim.
*θ^ŋokθā met.
*t^ŋoktā reg.?
*tŋ^oktā
*toktāŋ^
*toktaŋ’

This also seems to be behind the various words for types of duck, all very similar and showing met., assim., even if not IE:

*xaŋV(t’)- ‘polar duck’ > Sm. haŋŋā, Nen. ŋāŋū, En. ŋau, Nna. ŋaŋod’a ‘duck’

*ka(n)c’V

*če(n)čV

*wajc’V

The likeness of these words to each other and *xaŋV(t’)- to IE *hanht(i)-, etc., seems like more than chance. Some of the likely changes:

*kaŋ’c’V > *k’aŋc’V > *čanc’V

*k’aŋc’V > *k’amc’V > *k’awc’V > *wak’c’V > *wajc’V

with some of the developments not certain due to the unique clusters.

*mangyo- ‘man’ > Slavic *monžjo- > R. muž; *man’c’V > F. mies, Mi. man’s’i, OHn. mogy-, H. magy-

This has been seen as a loan; whatever source would still show a change within PU.

Iran. *muxšti- ‘fist’ > Avestan mušti-, *müRšti- > Kv. mř'üšt, *muxštika- > Ni. mustik; *mučkV > Ud. mïžïk, Mv. mokšna

This has been seen as a loan; whatever source would still show a change V > 0 in mid. syllable, št(‘) > č.

*peu- / *pau- ‘cut / divide’ >> L. putāre ‘cut/trim/prune’, *ambi- > amputāre ‘cut off’, *pautsk^- > TA putk- ‘cut / divide/distinguish/separate/share’, TB pautk-; *päčkä- > Mv. pečke- ‘cut’, F. pätki- ‘cut into pieces’, *püčkV- > pytki- ‘cut into long slices’, *pučkV- > puhkaise- ‘pierce/puncture’, Mr. püškä- ‘sting/bite (of insects)’

The alt. in PU could show *au / *aü > *äü etc. That *pautsk^- > pautk- : *päčkä- : *püčkV- : *pučkV- might not be true, with all the other similarities between PU and Toch. (*kWelh- > G. pélomai ‘move’, Skt. cárati ‘move/wander’, TB koloktär ‘follows’; F. kulke- ‘go/walk/travel’; *pedyāx > TA päts, TB patsa ‘bottom’; *potsjä > *pesä > F. pesä ‘nest’; etc.) requires some explanation; the alt. within PU would need *au or *aü independent of this, but its match is telling.

*g^hans(o\i)- > OHG gans, E. goose, Skt. haṃsá- ‘goose / swan’, OIr géis ‘swan’; *jomkc’e(n) > F. joutsen ‘swan’, Sm. njuk’čâ, Mr. jükšǝ; Y. jaŋdže ‘goose’

These are much too similar to be unrelated. The nasal in Nkc’ can’t be determined from internal ev., but either IE or Y. would require a > o by m. The changes to k^ in *h2ag^- > L. agō ‘drive/act’; *aja- > F. aja- ‘drive/chase’; *h2ak^ma:h2 > G. akmḗ ‘point/edge’; *äjmä ‘needle’; show that k^ > x^ or γ^ / V_V or V_N were matched by g^h > j (except before i ). Palatalized nT > ŋT’ also in *h2anti- > TB ānte ‘surface/forehead’; *anli > *ajŋe ‘brain/temple’ > F. aivo(t). This differing from *mangyo- : *man’c’V might show different timing of pal. by y vs. i or alt. in the pronunciation of n’ (like for m / ng, etc.).

Likely that this includes:

*γ’ansi- = *g^hansi-
*γ’ans’i-
*γ’aŋs’i-
*γ’aŋks’i-
*γ’amks’i-
*γ’omks’i-
*jomks’i-
*jomkc’i-

with the same changes seen elsewhere (ŋ > m opt., rounding by P, pal. before front); it’s likely n’ > ŋ’ after a V, ŋ’- > n’- word-initial, if reg.).

*yuhs(o)- ‘soup’ > Skt. yu(:)s.á-, Li. júšė, *yuhmo- > G. zū́mē ‘leaven’, zōmós ‘broth’; *jamV > Mv. jam ‘soup’, Nga. jamâ ‘gruel of blood/meat/flouwater’

This would show uh > wa as in *dhuh2ti-s > B. dukti ‘soul / last breath’; *dhuxti > *dhwati > *lwali > *lewle > F. löyly ‘spirit / steam from the sauna stove’, Hn. lélëk ‘soul’; then *jwama > *jama.

*gWiyó- > G. biós, Skt. jiyā́-, Av. jyā- ‘bowstring / sinew’; *jijä > *jäji > *jäje > je ‘broad strap’, Skp. tjyy, Kam. t’ī; Y. juo ‘girdle/belt’

*gWiy(e)tlo- > L. fīlum \ fīlus ‘string/cord’, Li. gīsla ‘vein/sinew’; *jetlax > *jätnex > *jäntek > F. jänne ‘bowstring / sinew’, *jätnex > *jänne > jänni ‘frenulum of tongue’

*gWiyó- : *jäje is not in need of great thought. Obviously these words look very much like IE ones (a 2-syllable word with j-y vs. y-y in such a specialized meaning would be unlikely, and this is unlikely match # 45), and the existence of extensions with t in both (or s > t or t > s, if needed) would be hard to explain. This shows merger of g^h and gW before front (if not an assim. of C-j > j-j after palatalization). Some of this could depend on opt. gW > gw (as previous). Again, for CVC- > CC-, this would give *jij- > *j- in *jetlax (or similar depending on timing); both *-etlo- and *-tlo- are seen in tool-words, maybe ablaut in IE. Other words show n / l within PU, so if tl > tn was not regular, the same here. The fem. *-āh > *-ax seems needed to explain ev. of other words in Samoyed with -’ (glottal stop) where the rest have -0.

*sh2ai- > H. ishiya- ‘bind’, ishuzzi- ‘belt/sash’, *sh2aito- > L. saeta ‘coarse haibristle’, Arm. haytHem ‘attach’; *sitV > F. sito- ‘bind/fasten’, side, gen. siteen ‘bandage’

Either original ai > i(i) or ablaut.

More opt. ŋ > m in

*y(e)mho- > ON Ymir, Skt. yamá- ‘twin’; *jaxma > F. jama \ jaama ‘joint’, Sm. juomek ‘twin lamb’

*jäsŋe > Mv. jäz’n’ä, Mr. ježǝŋ, F. jäsen ‘joint/limb’

which might show ŋ’ > n’ in some (if *ymho- = *ymx^o- > *yax^ma- with met. of palatalization after x^ > s^).

The existence of alt. within PU is clear; these words require an explanation no matter what their source:

*yah2giyo- > *yagi- \ *yago- > OIr aig ‘ice’, ON jaki ‘piece of ice’, Wx. yaz ‘glacier’, Kh. yòz ‘ice’; *jäxŋje > *jäŋxe > F. jää ‘ice’, Sm. jiekŋa
*jaŋka ‘ice hole’ in Samoyed (showing *ja- ( > *jä- ) was opt. in all )
*jäxkšV > Mr. jükše- ‘become cold’, F. jä(ä)hty- ‘cool (down)’
*jänte- > Mi. jant-, Z. jed- ‘freeze’

If g or γ > ŋ in *jäŋe, the lack of a nasal in *jäxkšV is explained as the oldest form. This shows opt. *ja > *jä (*jäŋe ‘ice’, *jaŋka ‘ice hole’), matching other *a-i, *a-j. PIE *ya(h2)giyo- giving the *eh > *ah ( > *a ) and opt. dissim. of y-y > y-0 (to explain o- vs. i-stems) would allow similar variants in PU with *x and *j > C to be related. As in opt. j > s’ previously, this would show kj > ks’ > kš (like xj > xs’ > š for *pekW-ye\o- > *pek’-yo- > *pix’yo- > *pišä- ‘bake/roast’). The 2 C’s in *jaŋka vs. *jänte- also come from changes to j; since this shows γ > ŋ in *jäŋe, j > γ’ would also be able to become ŋ’, and other words show this. If some of this created ŋŋ’, a change > ŋŋ > ŋk is possible (other paths exist). With g^ > d^ > t^ > t in others, *jänte- could come from ŋγ ‘> ŋg’ (and a shift of palatalization to ŋ’g might be the source of ŋk also, hard to tell). This would also show that *ä-o > *ä-e occurred, and if for all front V, it would explain the many *-e and *-a in PU as partly from *-o-.

These same changes in F. jalka ‘foot / leg’, jälki ‘footprint, etc., seem to show more ev. of ja \ jä (and fronting caused by j or front V’s in general). With the l > n in *gWiy(e)tlāh > *jijetlax > *jetlax > *jätnex, it makes sense that these words were related (some say loans):

*g^heh1- > *gēn- > E. go, G. kikhā́nō ‘reach/find / overtake’, Alb. ngah ‘run/hasten’, Skt. jáhāti ‘*leave > abandon / renounce’

Skt. jáŋghā- ‘ankle/shank’, Os. zëng(ë) ‘shin/stalk’ >> L. zanga \ zancha ‘Parthian shoe’, It. zanca ‘leg’
*jalka > F. jalka ‘foot / leg’
*jelkä > F. jälki ‘footprint / track/trace/trail’
*jVCka > *jokkV-tta > *jo:h-ta > F. juohtua ‘come up / arise’, Mv. jaka- ‘walk’
*jänxe- > *jäŋV > F. jää- ‘remain’, Hn. jön \ jő \ jöv- \ jö- \ győn \ gyün(n) ‘come’, Mi. ji- \ jäj- \ jüw- \ jin’kve ‘(be)come’
*jekkV- ‘dance’ > Mi. jēk-

The many changes are, again, needed even if not a loan, not related, but only within PU. Since a root is often called by the word for ‘foot’ in other languages (even zëng(ë) ‘shin/stalk’ is part of this range of meaning), the similar changes in these words are likely ev. of other alternation:

*jekkVrV ‘root’ > Ms. jükäär, Hn. gyökér
*jälŋV ‘stump’ > Sm. jâlŋes

*(s)kermn- > Skt. cárman- ‘skin/hide’; *k’er’man > *c’eð’mä > *c’ämd’e > *c’äpte > Sm. čävddë ‘skin/bark’, Nen. s’āpt
*k’er’man > *kelmä > F. kelmä ‘membrane/surface’, kelme(e-) ‘white surface layer of birchbark’, Z. ken’
*kal’we > F. kalvo ‘membrane’, Mi. khal’p ‘*skin (flakes) > dandruff’, xal’ǝp ‘white surface layer of birchbark’

It is not reasonable that so many words for ‘skin/bark’ with the same shape be considered unrelated. I’ll add that in many languages, simply translating these as ‘skin’ not ‘membrane/surface (layer)’ is done, but since the distinction exists in English I avoided this to keep from appearing to only give data favoring my interpretation. These show m > w (as previous), and probably k’-r’ > k-r’ before k’ > c’ (compare opt. n’-l’ in *n’el’ja \ *nel’ja ‘4’ )

There are many examples of metathesis of K-P and P-K in Balto-Slavic. This has led to a loan being used to explain some of:

*pekW- ‘cook’ > Skt. pácyate, L. coquere, R. pekú, Li. kepù
*pexje- \ *pexije- > Mv. pije-, Hn. fő- ‘cook/boil’, En. feri’a-
*pišä- > Sm. bâsse- ‘roast on a spit’, Ud. pïž ‘bake/roast’, Mi. pīt- ‘cook/brew’
*kewje- \ *keje-? > F. keittä- ‘boil/cook’, Hn. köved- ‘boiled down’
*kips’ä > F. kypsä ‘ripe/cooked/baked’

I do not think 4 different IE languages happened to give 4 different loans at 4 different times into Uralic. There is no IE with e-y > i-y, p > w / 0, etc., needed for all (or maybe any) of these. The met. in R. pekú, Li. kepù is tempting, but this would still need pj > wj ( > j ), pj > ps’, e-j > i-j or some set of changes to explain all this. Since some of these are ‘ripe’ vs. ‘cook’ by itself, the odd cluster in *pekWwó- > Skt. pakvá- ‘cooked/baked/ripe’ might be responsible for met. to fix kWw, creating 2 sets. The alt. of e \ i in both groups is unlikely to be from separate causes; no IE with e > i here could be responsible, and there aren’t two IE with e > i AND k-p < p-k in one, not in the other. The same alt. in both groups then shows both groups were native, with a change not seen elsewher, more V-harmony. What I think happened:

*pekW-ye\o- > *pekwye- > *pekweye- > *pekwiye- > *pexije- ‘cook/boil’
*pekW-ye\o- > *pek’-yo- > *pix’yo- > *pišä- ‘bake/roast’
*pekW-wó- > *kWep-wó- > *kWep-yó- > *k(w)ipja > *kips’ä ‘ripe/cooked/baked’
*kWep-yó- > *kWew-yó- > *kewje- ‘boil/cook’

This requires alt. of kW \ kw and p \ f \ w (elsewhere), with j > dz’ > s’ opt. This p / w is required here in PU even for the alt. in F. keittä- ‘boil/cook’, kypsä ‘ripe/cooked/baked’. No matter what the source is, it exists, and has never been applied to other words. Knowing that p > w (or p > 0, depending on the timing and which reconstruction of PU is right) is possible, but never looking for matches of p : w when checking for cognates is not a useful method. The other examples of alt. also are needed within PU, even if ALL of these are loans, due to not being found in known IE languages. This means that we can get *witte ‘5’ from *penkWto- (as *septǝmó- ‘7th’ > L. septimus; *s’eŋ’c’emä > F. seitsemä- ‘7’). If the ‘7th’ > ‘7’ change was shared in the higher numbers, the clusters *-tt- in both ‘5’ and ‘6’ would be from *-CCto- in ‘5th’ and ‘6th’ in IE. This *(k)swek^sto- > *kutte ‘6’ might show a common set of changes:

*penkWto- *kswek^sto-
*fenxWto- *xswex^sto-
*fenxWto- *xwex^sto-
*finxWto- *xwex^sto-
*finxWto- *xwox^sto-
*finxWto- *xwox^xto-
*finxWto- *xwojxto-
*fixWto- *xwojxto-
*fitto- *xwojtto-
*fitto- *xojtto-
*witto- *xojtto-
*witto- *xujtto-

Though the details are not clear due to clusters like nkWt and k^st only occurring here (more on the other changes below), Cxt > Ctt probably is best.

Other oddities created by *kWw in IE include:

*pekWwó- > Skt. pakvá- ‘cooked/baked/ripe’, *pekWpó- > *mekpo > TB map(p)e ‘ripe’

with the same kWw > kp > p in *leikW- > Latin (re)linquere, *likWwotor > *likpotor > TB lipetär ‘is left over’. Usually, p-p > m-p would seem odd, but with the other changes of m > p in Toch. for no reason, the opposite caused by dissim. fits.

In the same way, PU makes other changes in Toch. understandable. The closest match of:

*pedyāx > TA päts, TB patsa ‘bottom’; *potsjä > *pesä > F. pesä ‘nest’

*ped(y)o- \ *pod(y)o- ‘place, ground, soil’ > G. pedíon ‘plain’, pédon ‘ground’, OCS podŭ ‘ground/foundation’, Ni. pad ‘foundation’, *eni- > MIr ined ‘place’, *enpodyo- > *yäpoy > TB yapoy, TA ype ‘land/country’

shows that PU dy > s (not s’ or c’ ) which seems to be from the difference of T before front V vs. j. It is easiest to explain if te > t’e, tj > t’j > ts’j first, before any other palatals > affricates, ts’j > č (deleting j ), later č > š > s before ṣ > š etc. (Skt. mákṣā- ‘fly’; *mekše > Mv. mekš ‘bee’). This same type could occur before loss of voicing, so dj and tj might differe in some way if only dy > ǰ > s. If the same sequence happened in Toch., then č or ǰ as an intermediate leading to ts would allow the apparent loss of d in *enpodyo- > *yenpoǰo- > *yäpoy to be explained y the same assim. of y-ǰ > y-y that I see in:

Skt. prayuj- ‘yoke/join/harness to / unite with’, also fem. noun ‘team’ >> *prayuyo- > *pyauryo > TB pyorye (fem.) ‘yoke’

which is probably an early loan before devoicing in Toch. It is unlikely a complicated sequence like this could be made more clear by PU data if patsa : pesä were unrelated.

*puk^syo- > Av. pusa-, NP fuš, Skt. púccha-m ‘tail/rod’, Hi. pūñch ‘tail/rear’, B. punzuṛO ‘tail’, *pačhoóḍ > Dk. p(h)ačoó \ čipóoy.
*po(n)čoxa > Mr. pač, X. poč, Mi. ponš-pun ‘tailfeather’, Nen. panco ‘tail’, En. batu’o

The *-x- is retained in Samoyed, others > 0 (opt. or between unstressed V’s?). Sine the suffix in Dardic and Dk. is probably -ula- > -uḍa- (as in Skt. lāNgūla-m & Sh. lʌmúṭi ‘tail’), probably analogy added it. This would require either a loan or a shared descent within IE. The similar words would then show met. in:

*poksyora > *pksyora > *poryaks > *pol’akš > Mi. pōl’ǝx ‘tail of reindeers’, Mh. pula ‘tail’, Mr. pulŭkš *behind/back > ‘shoulder(joint)’

The opt. p > w might merge with w > m in

*mä(n)c’Vx > Mi. man’s’ik ‘tail of reindeers’, Skp. mätjä

The origin of -N- in the Indic words (Hi. pūñch ‘tail/rear’, B. punzuṛO ‘tail’) being shared by PU would require either a loan or a shared descent within IE. The origin of this seems to be y > y~ (nasalized). This is seen in Indo-Iran.:

Bu. kHakHā́yo ‘shelled walnut’, Shina kHakHaái~

*h2loupehk^- > Skt. lopāśá-s > *lovāyá- > Kh. ḷòw, Dk. ló(o)i ‘fox’, Sh. lo(o)i~

*madhy~a- ‘middle’ > Braj māhi~ ‘in’, Hi. māñjh

*puk^syo- > Skt. púccha-m ‘tail/rod’, Hi. pūñch ‘tail/rear’, B. punzuṛO ‘tail’

This seems to become n in causatives like *kōreye- > Dk. (g)uráa- \ (g)uraaná ‘make _ do’, and apparent old causatives like *lōgheye- > Dk. lukh(ā)na ‘hide’. Also, old loans from Dardic (or related) to Bu. show y > n also:

Skt. méṣī- ‘ewe’, *méṣiy- > *méṣiy~ >> *méṣin > Bu. meénis ‘ewe over one year but not a mother’

Skt. videś[í]ya- ‘foreign’, Kv. vičó ‘guest’, Ni. vidišä, Kt. vadašó, *vadišiy~a >> *waišin > Bu. aíšen \ oóšin

This could come from intermediate y > ŋ^ > n^ > n. Other PU words show y > ŋ (and opt. ŋ > m, as previously). It is impossible for such an odd set of changes to be independent in supposedly unrelated languages that seem more like sub-branches to me.

Hi!
I'm trying to code in Scala and I want the following output:
Type your firstname John Type your lastname Smith Your intials: J.S.
But I keep either getting the same twice or on the same line (E.g Type your firstname John)
I will post my code here below and hope someone spot and can fix my mistake somewhere and hopefully tell me what needs to change:
object Initials {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
print("Type your firstname: ")
val firstName = scala.io.StdIn.readLine()

print("Type your lastname: ")
val lastName = scala.io.StdIn.readLine()

val initials = "J.S"
print(s"\nYour name is $firstName $lastName. Your initials are $initials\n")
}
}

background
19M
height and weight N/A
white
Primary complaint: recent hearing loss. Duration, 6 days
no current medical issues and no medication except for some decongestant for my cold
No history of excessive alcohol, smoking or recreational drugs
Based on the UK
I was at a science fair the other day and had the chance to have my ears examined with an otoscope. I discovered that my ears were full of earwax which was disgusting to view, however at the time I felt no issues with my hearing. I will admit I had used foreign objects in my ear prior to this (yes I know you aren’t supposed to do that but I thought I wasn’t pushing it too far in and also it was a really nice feeling) I planned to have it professionally removed at the earliest opportunity however my family have been keen for me to try hydrogen peroxide etc
Early last week, I developed a sort of super-cold/flu and at the same time, my left ear began to feel clogged. This has been more or less consistent all week. Perhaps it’s the Eustachian Tubes that are blocked. My right ear was also a little bit muffled but not as bad as the left. I also have always had the ability to “rumble” my Tympanic membrane (like when you yawn it rumbles, I can do that manually), on some days this week I’ve done that and I’ve had some mild ear pain or like it’s bumping into something? Hard to tell, is this a perforation or earwax knocking against the eardrum. Today i get passing episodes of a little bit of pain in the ear.
The other day I did a quick test of my hearing perception and I realised that my left ear perceived sounds/music etc as flatter in pitch, in musical terms I would say nearly a semitone. I’m freaking out because I’m a musician and I need decent hearing to function. I had this happen about a year and a half ago for both ears where everything sounded out of tune during a really nasty super-cold, but it cleared itself up eventually.
I’m super paranoid as I don’t know what’s happening in my ears. Does anyone have any ideas as to what might be the issue? Thanks for your help

Being an autistic child wasn't easy, but there was at least a sort of safety net.
My parents were required by law to care for me. My mom still takes care of me after turning 18, because she's a good person, but I worry about what would happen if she was ever not able to. Governments tend to assume we can fend for ourselves, and other people around us don't have any instinct to look out for us when we aren't cute and little anymore.
I don't really get a lot of the benefits of adulthood, either. I can't drive. I can't live by myself. I'm not much more skilled than I was as a kid. The only plus, really, is that nobody tells me not to drink soda at night anymore.
I'm lucky in some ways, because everyone in my family looks very young, so I'll probably age slow. People can only tell I must at least be well into my teens because my voice has changed, but it still gives me a bit of safety. When a kid has a meltdown in a store, they call their parents. When an adult has a meltdown in a store, they call the cops.
I really don't relate to a lot of sentiments expressed by other autistic people. Many are so tired of being infantilized, and I respect that, but I can't relate at all. I'm not a little kid, but I am so, so terrified of being viewed as a full-fledged adult when my developmental delays set me back about a decade, and I literally don't have the ability to act like my college-aged NT peers. I wish I could fit into a seperate category altogether, so I wouldn't have to hear stuff like "at your grown age??" when I'm literally NOT at the same stage of development as other college students, but also have it be clear that I'm not a minor when I'm not.