Copper is an important industrial metal and remains the key transitional metal in our view for the ongoing renewable revolution.
Historically, copper also has an almost unbeaten record for sniffing out economic strength and weakness before many other commodities. Fondly called Dr. Copper for this very reason, the copper industry is an essential part of the global economy and demand is closely tied to overall economic growth.
According to the Copper Alliance (a leading advocate for the copper industry), one tonne of copper is enough to build 40 cars, power 100,000 mobile phones, drive operations in 400 computers and bring electricity to 30 homes.
Historically, there has been a strong correlation between copper and oil, as both are affected by the same economic factors and market conditions. Energy costs make up a significant portion of the costs of copper extraction, smelting and refining, so there is a material basis for copper and oil prices to fluctuate in unison.
Oil is also a critical power source for economic activity, and quickly reflects falling or rising economic output. Oil accounts for about 3% of GDP and is one of the world’s most important commodities. Petroleum is essential to the manufacture of innumerable products from plastics and chemicals to clothing, and constitutes billions of dollars of transactions, even before considering its use as a fuel for transportation.
For a short video summary of this report, look here: https://youtu.be/6zX6yTk6jYU
A decline or expansion of the world economy almost always results in an increase or decline of oil and copper prices. Forecasts of the respective prices and consumption of these two commodities, are generally set and revised with projections of global economic growth. Case in point, economists will often perceive a rise in oil prices as news of inflationary or recessionary tailwinds.
https://preview.redd.it/f0gh2sse4wqa1.png?width=867&format=png&auto=webp&s=2f7a34688b06f6224c6679c8cf477f6910dfc9e7
However, we’ve noticed something strange happening lately. We are seeing a decoupling of copper and oil prices, with copper prices rising dramatically year to date while oil prices are struggling amid global inflationary concerns and a worldwide banking crisis.
Oil vs. Copper Price (Year to Date %)
So why is copper holding up so much better than oil, when forecasters expect slowing economic growth, tightening lending standards and a potential recession within the next 12 months?
We think the answer all comes down to inventories…
​
Oil: A Story of Geopolitics & Supply
The International Energy Agency (IEA) states that in Q4 2022, supply outpaced demand by over 1 mb/d, despite a cut in OPEC+ production targets and disruptions to US supplies (due to winter storms).
Also, gains in energy efficiencies and soaring sales of electrical vehicles, will curb global 2023 demand growth by close to 900 kb/d in 2023. The market participation of Russia and China remains unpredictable, as sanctions have prompted Russia to seek new customers (at arguably reduced prices) for their oil, and the nature and speed of China’s reopening is still uncertain.
US Central bank policy has overshadowed China’s reopening, with the two week old banking crisis taking crude oil futures down by about $11/bbl, or 13% since March 3rd.
The US oil benchmark, Western Texas Intermediate (WTI) continues to slump as well as US crude stockpiles build. Overall, optimism is fading from the market.
​
Copper: The Uncrowned King of Commodities
Like Rodin’s the Thinker, copper sits above the rest in contemplation of the current tepid macroeconomic backdrop.
Copper is the best performer this year out of the industrial metals, rising more than 7% year-to-date, while other comparable metals have fallen in an environment of slowing economic growth expectations.
There is evidence that current prices aren’t reflecting expected supply deficits, which we’ll discuss below.
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Very Low Inventory Driving Current Price Strength
We think the most likely explanation for Copper’s strength vs oil comes down to copper’s very low global inventory levels. As we’ve covered in previous articles, global inventories for copper and other industrial metals held at exchange monitored warehouses (i.e. LME & SHFE) are at record lows.
The situation looks like its gotten worse amidst all the economic worries not better, with investment Bank Goldman Sachs forecasting that the world could run out of visible copper inventories by Q3 this year, if current demand trends continue.
The re-opening of China, a major consumer of copper is a major contributor to rising copper demand expectations this year. Chinese demand rose strongly in February, the latest month of data. Currently, copper inventories are at the lowest seasonal level since 2008.
According to GS, Chinese copper demand rose 13% in February year-over-year; and they believe that the price could hit $10,500 a tonne as the Asian nation increases their post lunar new year industrial activity.
Copper Global Visible Inventories
One of the major factors affecting the strong copper price is the increasing demand for green technologies, more specifically batteries. McKinsey & Co. has identified that electrification is projected to increase annual copper demand to 36.6 million metric tons by 2031, and only rapid new mine development and the adoption of copper mitigating technologies, could potentially fill the looming copper supply gap.
​
Shortfalls, Slowdowns & Supply Gaps driving an Uncertain Future
A 2022 S&P Global study found that significant copper shortfalls will begin in 2025, as a result of increased demand from the energy transition and limited new copper supply. Their rocky road scenario assumes that if current conditions continue, there will be a 10 million metric ton shortfall by 2035. Even in their high ambition scenario, which assumes significant strides in technologies for extraction and recycling techniques, a shortfall will continue until 2035.
Forecast Copper Supply & Demand Balance
Unfortunately, the mining industry will not be able to meet this supply gap from new production without a frankly unrealistic increase in drilling capital expenditures.
Many of the world’s largest copper mines are facing dwindling reserves, depleted ore-grades and are slowing production due to capital-intensive major projects being moved underground in a bid to increase access to more ore.
Looking for new deposits (called greenfield exploration), is very costly and imposes inherit risks and difficulties. Not to mention, finding copper and putting it on production takes a long time.
The past decade has seen greenfield exploration slow dramatically, as the excess supply from 2006-2012 was worked down.
S&P Global estimates that new discoveries averaged 50Mt annually from 1990 to 2010. Moving to the present, discoveries have fallen by 80% to only 8Mt / year.
Current estimates expect a cumulative supply gap of 50Mt or over two years of global demand, between 2022 and 2030.
Mining project approval rates have stalled. During the first half of 2022, the volume of committed projects totaled just 260,000 tonnes of production per year.
Mining Project Approvals by Year (kt copper)
Three Ways to Invest in a Copper Shortage
Given the significant inventory shortages we have identified above, copper prices are poised to hold up better than other commodities if we are going into a period of economic weakness.
A resumption of quantitative easing by Central Banks or falling interest rates, could easily push copper prices to new highs under the current supply shortages.
We prefer three different ways to invest in these trends, bucketed by diversification and risk.
On the lower risk end of the spectrum is the Global X Copper Miners ETF (Ticker: COPX). The ETF is well diversified with 51 positions, and the top 10 stocks taking up a little over half of portfolio.
The diversification of COPX helps you avoid taking on company risk, the risk that one company does something stupid. COPX provides exposure to the price of copper with the potential for better returns than physical copper given the operating leverage copper miners have to the underlying commodity.
Top 25 Holdings of the COPX Copper ETF
Year-to-date copper prices are outperforming the copper miners 3.4%, though in early February the copper miners were up 18%, 10% more than physical copper.
YTD Performance of Copper vs COPX ETF
Our second preferred way to invest in copper upside is to own a high-quality large miner like Southern Copper (Ticker: SCCO). Southern Copper has a market value of $55bn and generates almost 80% of revenue from copper.
Southern Copper Footprint
Yes, Southern Copper is more expensive than large mining peers like BHP or Freeport-McMoRan, but it has outperformed them significantly this year due to its heavy copper weighting. Exactly the exposure and outcome an investor would want.
Forecast EV/EBITDA in 2023
YTD Performance
Our final investment pick to take advantage of the positive copper outlook is a small cap miner, with a unique value proposition. Investing in small caps does come with higher operational risks, but this is balanced by far higher return potential as smaller miners are often mispriced, especially at the beginning of a sustained period of stable to rising commodity prices, like we may be in today.
The company we’ve chosen has a truly unique operational footprint as it produces copper but does not need a mine to do so. The company Amerigo Resources (Ticker: ARG, ARREF), which we’ve written about before on Capital10x, provides significant leverage to copper prices without exposing investors to uncertainties that come from operating a complex copper mine.
Amerigo receives waste fluid (tailings) from El Teniente, one of the largest copper mines in the world. The company extracts the remaining Copper and Molybdenum from the waste stream, selling it back to the mine at the current global copper price.
https://preview.redd.it/km165rqb6wqa1.png?width=705&format=png&auto=webp&s=5ed4b9bd1ffdf944ad1e0be228ab6f31de71f960
Another risk mitigator with Amerigo is the company’s very low leverage. Cash exceeds debt which gives the company flexibility should copper prices decline for a period, if the world does go into a shallow recession.
Amerigo is trading on a trailing EV/EBITDA of 5.3x with Copper at $4.11/lb. The last time the stock traded at 5.3x EV/EBITDA copper was at $3.00/lb.
Amerigo EV/EBITDA multiple vs Copper Price
This tells us there is significant upside at current copper prices, especially seeing as EBITDA is expected to be $36 million at $3.60/lb copper which is in line with EBITDA in 2018, when the stock was at a similar multiple.
Bottom Line: Amerigo is pricing in $3.60/lb copper when prices are trading at $4.00/lb or 10% higher.
​
Commodity Prices Rarely Lie
Whenever we notice two economically sensitive commodities like oil and copper diverging in price, we take notice.
After looking at the fundamentals of each, it became clear there are huge differences that likely explain the divergence.
Oil investment may be low historically, but we can see demand weakening in real time through rising inventory levels in the US and elsewhere.
Copper in contrast has an acute supply shortage. The supply situation is so critical that even as global growth and demand are weakening, prices have been rising, telling us supply just isn’t there.
Copper has the superior short term and long term demand trends and continues to be our preferred commodity investment this decade, regardless of the chances we see of a global recession in the near future.

​
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Hey check out similar videos here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05uKspxQ89s&list=PLVduyMnVQjzNYPljUBqwgAXdMPQ9CEKWY

Hey guys, so I have been playing around with the different seeds that have been previously recommended by other gamers. I want to first highlight that I respect that the different seeds might suit different gamers according to how they like to play the game. Personally, I'm always a city builder first before anything else. That's my "persona" when it comes to city building games. That also means, having all the basic necessary/strategic resources on the ("usual candidates") potential starting islands in a region.
Since the ones recommended by other gamers didn't really work for me personally, I have chosen to test out a few random seeds. The previous one I had a bit of luck with was "1626", but it only is good for the Old World region. In the New World, it wasn't very good. Manola had 0 oil fields, and a few of the other potential starting islands also had 0 oil fields. Not very good if you ask me.
So, I decided to explore/experiment with a few more and until I stumbled across this one.
Old World: Seed 6184 (Island Arc)
In the Old World, there is an island to the top right of the map where you will find it has 7 oil fields. Great way to start a session.
New World: Seed 6184 (Manola)
Finally, to the New World. Finally, this time Manola has 9 oil fields! Which is even more than during the standard scenario mode. Every time I played the scenario mode (previous sessions), I would only get 6, sometimes 7 oil fields. 9 is plentiful now.
New World: Seed 6184 (Potential Starting Island)
There's one other island that I felt should've been given Oil fields. And it's this large island you see above. When playing with 1626 previously, it had 0 oil fields, which kinda sucked. But now, it has 21!!!
New World: Seed 6184 (Potentially Strategic Island)
The next island I want to focus on is not really a starting island. But it's one that I felt would be good to grab early once the region opens up. It has three of the most important resources you'll need later at the investor's stage i.e. pearls, tobacco and cocoa >> jewellery, cigars and chocolate.
For this new playthrough session, I'll be using the individual islands as a way to focus on producing key goods. I will then ship those items to Manola for production and trading (except maybe Hot Sauce...it takes up too much space). Maybe the devs ought to do some normalization of the consumption rate of hot sauce. The amount of hot sauce breweries we need to maintain in order to support the hacienda's residents' needs is insane. Not to mention, shipping back to the old world for consumption (Lifestyle Needs).
Context: I have never made it far enough into the late game (skyscrapers level 3 and beyond, and tourists). I also haven't conquered the Arctic region yet. So I'm assuming that once a player acquires gas, they can do even more with the various supply chain needs.
For now, let me just end here. Once I have entered the other regions - Enbesa and Arctic, I'll be back to update this posting with more screenshots.
P.S. No one seed is perfect. Let's just face it. For this current seed, there are a few islands I used to love, but now have rivers running through them. But hey, we have to give and take a little right? Can't always have everything our way.

Heres a few pics of the lily pond I build in septembeoctober 21. It doesnt take long for it to settle in! Hopefully this year we get more pads & flowers. Any gardeners world fans will recognize the pond as we were inspired by Adam Frosts pond!
At the moment its full of daffs and the tulips are just about to explode. Don't know if we'll get the meadow this year as I didn't do any prep except for putting down some yellow rattle.
October 21. Nearly finished
April 22
July 22

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